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Vascular plant diversity and distribution pattern in Tajikistan: A global hotspot of diversity ZHOU Yixin, MA Suliya, LI Wenjun, Parvina KURBONOVA, Mariyo BOBOEV, LI Yufan, Hikmat HISORIEV, MA Keping, YANG Weikang, ZHANG Yuanming Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100294-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100294 Abstract （26）   HTML （5）    PDF （3454KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity. However, the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges. There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning. Therefore, this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), threatened species richness (TSR), and endemic species richness (ESR) to map species diversity distribution patterns, identify conservation gaps, and elucidate their effects of climatic factors. This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan. The central-western mountains (specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions) emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots. However, we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas (PAs). Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low, ranging from 31.00% to 38.00%. Consequently, a critical 64.80% of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs, representing a major conservation gap. This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers, collectively explaining over 50.00% of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts. Furthermore, we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases, with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled. This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action, highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys. These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3 (“30×30 Protection”). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Coupling dynamics of SDGs in Tajikistan from 2001 to 2023 Ranna HAZIHAN, DU Hongru, HE Chuanchuan, Kobiljon Khushvakht KHUSHVAKHTZODA, Bobozoda KOMIL Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100295-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100295 Abstract （30）   HTML （4）    PDF （3688KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Since the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, global implementation has steadily advanced, yet prominent challenges persist. Progress has been uneven across regions and countries, with Tajikistan representing a typical example of such disparities. Based on 81 SDG indicators for Tajikistan from 2001 to 2023, this study applied a three-level coupling network framework: at the microscale, it identified synergies and trade-offs between indicators; at the mesoscale, it examined the strength and direction of linkages within four SDG-related components (society, finance, governance, and environment); and at the global level, it focused on the overall SDG interlinkages. Spearman’s rank correlation, sliding window method, and topological properties were employed to analyze the coupling dynamics of SDGs. Results showed that over 70.00% of associations in the global SDG network were of medium-to-low intensity, alongside extremely strong ones (|r| value approached 1.00, where r is the correlation coefficient). SDG interactions were generally limited, with stable local synergy clusters in core livelihood sectors. Network modularity fluctuated, reflecting a cycle of differentiation, integration, and fragmentation, while coupling efficiency varied with the external environment. Each component exhibited distinct functional characteristics. The social component maintained high connectivity through the “poverty alleviation-education-healthcare” loop. The environmental component shifted toward coordinated eco-economic governance. The governance-related component broke interdepartmental barriers, while the financial component showed weak links between resource-based indicators and consumption/employment indicators. Tajikistan’s SDG coupling evolved through three phases: survival-oriented (2001-2012), policy integration (2013-2018), and shock adaptation (2019-2023). These phases were driven by policy changes, resource industries, governance optimization, and external factors. This study enriches the analytical framework for understanding the dynamic coupling of SDGs in mountainous resource-dependent countries and provides empirical evidence to support similar countries in formulating phase-specific SDG promotion strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and recent changes of glaciers in Tajikistan XU Chunhai, LI Zhongqin, HE Zhonghua, WANG Feiteng, MU Jianxin, CHEN Yaning, Sheralizoda NAZRIALO, Farhod NASRULLOEV, Aminjon GULAHMADZODA Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100296-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100296 Abstract （30）   HTML （3）    PDF （1655KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan contains the majority of Central Asia’s glaciers, which cover about 6.00% of the national territory; their rapid shrinkage poses a significant threat to regional water resource security. However, glacier monitoring in Tajikistan was interrupted after 1991, creating a substantial gap in understanding the current state and temporal evolution of these glaciers. Based on glacier inventory data, in situ measurements, and published literature, this study examined the present status and recent variations of glaciers in Tajikistan through data integration and validation, literature collation and comparative analysis, and the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis techniques. As of 2023, Tajikistan possesses a total of 11,528 glaciers, encompassing an area of 7624.48 (±305.58) km2. Small glaciers dominate in number, whereas large glaciers account for the majority of the total area. Over the past two decades, the glacier count has decreased by 2014, and the total area has decreased by 628.98 km2, corresponding to an average annual reduction rate of 0.33%. Regional shrinkage rates range from 4.10% to 22.28%. Glaciers have undergone accelerated mass loss during the past 20 a; only those on the northeastern Pamir Plateau exhibit a weak positive mass balance. Observations of typical monitored glaciers also reveal intensified melting and retreat, consistent with regional trends. In light of the recent acceleration of glacier shrinkage in Tajikistan, focused measures should be implemented to strengthen glacier monitoring, enhance public awareness of glacier preservation, and promote the sustainable development and utilization of glacier tourism. These findings bridge the knowledge gap regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tajikistan’s glaciers over recent decades and provide essential data support for regional water resource management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risks of snow drought and impacts on streamflow in Tajikistan LI Yupeng, CHEN Yaning, WANG Fei, ZHANG Xiang, ZHANG Qifei, SUN Fan, FANG Gonghuan, Safarkhon SHAROFIDDINOV, Jafar NIYAZOV Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100298-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100298 Abstract （27）   HTML （3）    PDF （2561KB）（4）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan, a mountainous country and a vital water tower for Central Asia, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to snow drought under climate change, threatening its snow- and glacier-fed streamflow. Yet, the impacts of snow drought on the regional hydrology remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we integrated multisource data, including the Fifth Generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Atmospheric Reanalysis for Land Applications (ERA5-Land) data and hydrological station data, to systematically assess the snow drought patterns and their impacts on streamflow during 1950-2023. We identified snow drought events based on precipitation and snow fraction anomalies relative to climatological means and classified them into warm snow drought, dry snow drought, and warm&dry snow drought. The results revealed that snow drought was a recurrent phenomenon, occurring in 51.70% of the years during the study period, with warm&dry snow drought accounting for 21.90% of the total events. Both the frequency and severity exhibited pronounced spatial variability, largely governed by the elevation and snowfall fraction. Specifically, the frequency of warm snow drought was negatively correlated with the snowfall fraction, decreasing on average by 0.20 per unit increase in snowfall fraction, whereas the frequency of dry snow drought was positively correlated, increasing by 0.07 per unit increase. The streamflow analysis results demonstrated that snow drought typically reduced the warm-season discharge by 5.00%-18.00% in certain rivers, thereby exacerbating the water stress during the dry season. The results of this study advance our understanding by explicitly linking the types of snow drought to hydrological responses in Central Asia’s high mountains, providing a scientific basis for climate adaptation and sustainable water resource management in Tajikistan. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Impact of climate change on global economy: A comprehensive review Mahalingam Santhosh KUMAR, Narasimabhrathi Venkatesa PALANICHAMY, K. M. SHIVAKUMAR, Mani CHANDRAKUMAR, Muthuswamy KALPANA, Dhandapani MURUGANANTHI Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100274-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100274 Abstract （41）   HTML （6）    PDF （2046KB）（14）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change has emerged as an important global issue, primarily driven by human activities, affecting ecosystems, societies, and economies worldwide. This review employed a comprehensive narrative analysis that incorporates expertise from policy studies, environmental science, and economics. Targeted keywords are used to systematically search major academic databases. This article explores various aspects of climate change, economic consequences, and the evolving discourse on climate risk. It addresses the association between climate change and several economic variables, such as gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and financial markets. The review highlights the complex relationship among physical risks, transition risks, and approaches to cope with climate change. It examines global climate policies such as the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. This study also investigates climate risk assessment models like Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and how they help understand the economic effect of climate change. Moreover, it explores ways to adapt to and reduce climate change, such as carbon taxes and subsidies. This review focuses on the critical importance of instruments like the Climate Action Tracker in evaluating national and global climate change responses, which serve as a framework for assessing policy effectiveness and progress toward emission targets. By integrating different viewpoints from economics, environmental science, and governance, this review underscores the value of coordinated global action to address the challenges posed by climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantifying desertification control efficiency in a hyper-arid region: Spatiotemporal dynamics and policy synergies in Hotan Prefecture of China during 2005-2023 SUN Lingxiao, LI Chunlan, YU Yang, HE Jing, YANG Meilin, WANG Qian, LIANG Xueqiong, Ireneusz MALIK, Małgorzata WISTUBA Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100275-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100275 Abstract （38）   HTML （1）    PDF （1484KB）（12）       Knowledge map    Save Desertification poses severe threats to socio-ecological resilience in arid regions, yet systematic quantification of desertification control efficiency remains limited. This study addressed this gap by developing an integrated Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Malmquist index to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of desertification control efficiency in Hotan Prefecture (a hyper-arid region) of China from 2005 to 2023. To achieve this goal, we analyzed 5 indices spanning the total factor productivity, technical change, efficiency change, pure efficiency change, and scale efficiency change across 7 counties and 1 city in Hotan Prefecture. Results revealed that the growth rate of the total factor productivity is 12.0%, which is driven primarily by technical change and management optimization. However, significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity emerged. Temporally, rapid early gains during 2005-2010, with the total factor productivity value of 1.372, were dominated by technological progress, where technical change reached 1.291, while scale efficiency change helped sustain progress between 2010 and 2015. A recent decline in the total factor productivity to 0.987 during 2015-2023 underscored the risks associated with technological stagnation. Spatially, Qira County achieved the highest growth rate of the total factor productivity at 33.7% through dual advances in technology and management, which stands in sharp contrast to Moyu County’s stagnation, where the total factor productivity reached only 1.029, reflecting the minimal growth rate of 2.9%. Furthermore, scale expansion change proved beneficial in Pishan County but counterproductive in Qira County. Based on these findings, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations to enhance desertification control efficiency in hyper-arid regions like Hotan Prefecture. It emphasizes the importance of continuous technological innovation, particularly water-saving and adaptive techniques to counteract declining productivity. Differentiated spatial strategies are essential, with tailored interventions for high-risk northern areas and scaling successful models from higher-efficiency southern zones. Optimizing project scale based on ecological carrying capacity rather than uncontrolled expansion is urged, along with strengthening cross-regional water resource coordination. Finally, establishing a data-driven monitoring and decision-support system could enable dynamic efficiency evaluations and evidence-based policy planning. This study provides a critical methodological framework for systematically quantifying desertification control efficiency in hyper-arid regions, establishing an empirical foundation for targeted ecological governance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of land use and land cover changes on ecosystem services and functions in the Kulpawn River Basin of Ghana Osman ZAKARI, Charles GYAMFI, Samuel Anim OFOSU, Ebenezer BOAKYE, Solomon Tawiah APAFO, Geophrey Kwame ANORNU, Bernard Nuoleyeng BAATUUWIE Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100277-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100277 Abstract （28）   HTML （3）    PDF （1099KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save The Kulpawn River Basin (KRB) plays a critical role in supporting rural livelihoods through agriculture, water supply, and biodiversity conservation. However, between 1995 and 2023, significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes have been observed, affecting ecosystem services (ESs). This study evaluated the ecosystem service values (ESVs) associated with LULC changes. The random forest algorithm was applied to extract LULC information from Landsat images for 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2023. The benefit transfer method was employed to estimate the ESVs over the study period. Questionnaires were also used to assess the views of respondents on the drivers of the ES changes in the basin. The results showed that agricultural lands expanded by 14.14%, built-up areas by 15.17%, and light savannah forest by 8.73%, while dense savannah forest and water bodies declined by 25.71% and 20.00%, respectively. The total estimated ESV was 410.09×108, 362.92×108, 335.30×108, and 319.28×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2023, respectively, indicating that the total ESV declined from 410.09×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 1995 to 319.28×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 2023. The study concludes that the reduction in ESVs is due to the LULC changes resulting from agricultural activities, expansion of built-up areas, population sprawl, and artisanal mining activities. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop programs and strategies to mitigate and curtail the degradation of LULC and ESVs in the basin. These findings reveal a growing ecological vulnerability, threatening water security and rural livelihoods. The study offers valuable insights to guide sustainable land use planning and ecosystem conservation strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Promoting responsible visitor behavior through green tourism initiatives: Willingness to pay for support scenarios in Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park, Indonesia Ari RAHMAN, Evi Siti SOFIYAH, Imelda Masni Juniaty SIANIPAR, Cut Maisarah ZULFA, Sapta SUHARDONO, Chun Hung LEE, I Wayan Koko SURYAWAN Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100279-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100279 Abstract （32）   HTML （1）    PDF （743KB）（2）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid growth in nature-based and super-premium tourism has increased environmental pressures on protected destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park (KNP) in Indonesia, raising concerns about biodiversity conservation and responsible visitor behavior. Understanding how visitors value and support green tourism initiatives is therefore essential for designing effective and acceptable sustainability policies. This study explores visitor preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for green tourism initiatives in Labuan Bajo and KNP, a renowned super-premium tourism destination in Indonesia. A choice experiment was employed to ascertain which green tourism options visitors prioritize. A total of 600 visitors completed surveys presenting different tourism scenarios. The data were then analyzed using statistical models to estimate to what extent visitors are willing to pay for each option. The study’s primary focus was on five key aspects: green hotels, sustainable transportation, locally sourced products, environmental footprint reduction, and communication with locals. Three hypothetical scenarios were developed: Scenario 1 with a focus on eco-friendly accommodations; Scenario 2 with an emphasis on sustainable transportation and local engagement; and Scenario 3 with comprehensive green tourism initiatives. The findings showed robust support from visitors and clear WTP for programs such as green hotels, public transport, local food, and improved waste management. The findings also highlighted the significance of enhancing awareness regarding the protection of Komodo dragons and marine ecosystems as part of sustainable tourism. This study significantly contributes to the literature by quantifying visitor preferences within a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site and shows the potential for policies that support environmentally and socially responsible tourism in biodiversity-rich areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Social-ecological indicators and framework for assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh Kazi Atiah TAIYEBI, Natalie Ann Cooper WELDEN, Md Sarwar HOSSAIN Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100260-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100260 Abstract （67）   HTML （5）    PDF （965KB）（57）       Knowledge map    Save Shrimp farming is a major global aquaculture activity; however, its social and ecological impacts raise sustainability concerns. While previous research has focused on isolated social or environmental aspects of sustainability in shrimp farming, integrated assessments of these factors using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach are rare. A framework for assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming—comprising a set of social and ecological indicators—is developed and conceptualized in this study for the first time, using an integrated, interdisciplinary, and empirical SES approach. We first identified key social and ecological indicators and developed a conceptual framework based on SES approach, then surveyed 90 shrimp farms across 3 coastal regions (including Satkhira, Bagerhat, and Cox’s Bazar districts) in Bangladesh. Nearly all farmers in Satkhira (97%) and all in Bagerhat (100%) expressed dissatisfaction with the decreasing pattern of shrimp production and profitability over the last decade. In contrast, nearly all respondents in Cox’s Bazar (97%) reported satisfaction with increasing shrimp production. Except in Cox’s Bazar, equity in labor payment remained a concern for the social sustainability of the shrimp farming system. The changing pattern of shrimp production and profitability, which does not ensure equity, poses a threat to the sustainability of shrimp farming. Most of the surveyed farmers recognized the mutual benefits of mangrove forests and shrimp farming (97% in Satkhira and 77% in Cox’s Bazar), which suggests potential for the development of policy on integrated mangrove-shrimp farming with community-based management. This research could help assess the sustainability of the shrimp farming system and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2 (zero hunger) and 8 (decent work and economic growth). By examining existing practices and developing a novel framework, this study highlights informed decision-making and guides methodological discussion on assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming using the SES approach in coastal regions and different aquaculture systems worldwide. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Insights into material use and economic decoupling in China’s infrastructure for sustainable development GUO Hongwei, HAN Ji Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100262-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100262 Abstract （46）   HTML （2）    PDF （1784KB）（12）       Knowledge map    Save Quantifying material use in infrastructure development and analyzing its relationship with economic growth is essential for enhancing resource efficiency and steering regional resource management toward sustainable development. This study systematically assessed infrastructure related material use in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China during 1978-2022. The result indicated that material stock has experienced significant growth, increasing from 16.91×109 t in 1978 to 103.60×109 t in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 4.20%. However, from 1978 to 2015, material input followed a strong upward trend but saturated after 2015. At the national level, material input peaked in 2015, after which it began to decline. The central region reached its peak earlier in 2013, while the eastern and western regions peaked in 2015. Using a decoupling analysis framework, this study revealed that nationally, the elasticity value between material stock and gross domestic product (GDP) remained near or above 1.0, reflecting continued reliance on stock accumulation. Regionally, the elasticity value between material stock and GDP has increased in the central and western regions during 1978-2022, whereas elasticity value between material stock and GDP in the eastern region showed a slower growth rate but still struggled to achieve absolute decoupling. Moreover, the elasticity value between material input and GDP has declined at the national level, presenting a relative decoupling, with some regions already achieving absolute decoupling. The eastern region was closer to absolute decoupling, while the central and western regions, though still intensive in material input, exhibited faster declines in elasticity. Accelerating the transition from linear to circular economy is an essential step for China to achieve absolute decoupling and long-term sustainability. Finally, this research recommends promoting the adoption of renewable energy, driving industrial upgrading, implementing compact urban design, and extending the lifespan of infrastructure to reduce material dependency and achieve sustainable infrastructure transformation at the national level. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dual impact of digitalization on the carbon emissions of Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations in China: A spatiotemporal perspective WEI Meng, RU Lifei, CAI Zhi, MA Minda Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100263-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100263 Abstract （30）   HTML （2）    PDF （5791KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Digital transformation, as a recent trend in socioeconomic development, is considered as a critical pathway for urban carbon reduction because of its potential to increase productivity and energy efficiency. However, few studies have explored the relationship between urban digitalization and carbon emissions (CE). Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution and interaction mechanism between digitalization and CE in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomerations of China during 2006-2020 based on a multidimensional indicator system, including digitalization industry level, digitalization application level, and urban green digitalization willingness. The findings revealed that both digitalization and CE in the YRD exhibit a significant and synchronously evolving “core-periphery” spatial pattern. Core cities generated substantial positive spillover effect on periphery cities through technology diffusion and policy demonstration, advancing both regional digitalization and the collaborative governance of CE. However, digitalization had dual impact on CE. On the one hand, it promoted the reduction of CE by enhancing energy efficiency, optimizing industrial structures, and promoting the application of green technologies. On the other hand, the expansion of digital infrastructure introduced a potential risk of increased energy consumption. Therefore, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to facilitate the coordination of environmental sustainability and digitalization in the YRD. This study provides empirical support and policy insights for advancing the coordinated development of regional digital transformation and green low-carbon initiatives. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Conservation agriculture for sustainable food system: Current insights and emerging perspectives Subhashisa PRAHARAJ, Bharat LAL, Himansu Sekhar GOUDA, Amit Kumar PANDEY, Shivasankar ACHARYA, Arunima KUMARI Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100264-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100264 Abstract （45）   HTML （1）    PDF （2079KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Save Global challenges, including resource inefficiency, rising food demand, sustainability concerns, and climate change, necessitate more efficient and resilient agricultural systems. Conservation agriculture (CA), which is based on the principles of the minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil organic cover, and species diversification, provides a promising solution. This study examined the principles and mechanisms of CA, assessed its benefits and constraints, and identified key research gaps. This study focused on CA outcomes related to soil health, biodiversity, productivity, and ecosystem services, considering factors such as climate, soil type, and management practices. CA has demonstrated the potential to improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and boost productivity across diverse regions. However, its effectiveness has been found to vary across studies, emphasizing the need for a more critical understanding of its benefits and limitations. Moreover, variations in outcomes are evident due to differences in experimental methodologies, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. For the widespread adoption of CA practices, it is necessary to make personalized adjustments to it, integrating the corresponding technologies, thereby meeting the needs of farmers. Interdisciplinary research is crucial to refining CA practices and addressing existing knowledge gaps. This study is practiced to enhance the understanding of the potential of CA to promote a sustainable global food production system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Integrating neglected and underutilized crops (NUCs) in South Asian cropping systems and diets: Challenges and prospects Saira SHAFIQ, Muhammad ZIA UL HAQ, Syed Abbas RAZA NAQVI, Wardha SARFARAZ, Hina ALI, Muhammad Majid ISLAM, Gul Zaib HASSAN, Muhammad NAWAZ, Tasawer ABBAS Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (4): 100242-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100242 Abstract （63）   HTML （3）    PDF （1937KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save The present review critically examines the role of neglected and underutilized crops (NUCs) in enhancing the resilience of South Asian cropping systems and diets in the context of climate change and nutritional challenges. This analysis reveals that integrating NUCs, such as millets, sorghums, amaranth, and indigenous legumes, into existing cropping systems can significantly improve the climate resilience, dietary diversity, and ecological sustainability of the food systems. These crops exhibit superior tolerance to abiotic stress and offer higher nutritional density compared to staple cereals, such as rice and wheat. However, their adoption faces challenges, including limited research investment, fragmented value chains, etc. We further identify that complementary cropping strategies and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices can optimize resource use while boosting smallholder farmers’ income. NUCs are pivotal for the transformation of exist cropping systems towards nutrition-sensitive and climate-resilient agricultural and food systems. Strategic integration of NUCs can simultaneously address food insecurity, biodiversity loss, and rural poverty. Yet, unlocking their potential requires coordinated efforts in genetic improvement, market development, and policy frameworks tailored to regional contexts. This synthesis provides a comprehensive roadmap for policy-makers, researchers, and farmers to leverage NUCs as “Future Smart Food”. By bridging agronomic, nutritional, and socioeconomic perspectives, this study highlights the transformative potential of NUCs in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across South Asian countries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Adaptive conservation of natural resources determines the sustainable livelihood strategies of farmers in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region of China MA Shengli, XU Mingxiang Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (4): 100244-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100244 Abstract （56）   HTML （1）    PDF （1142KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save Livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource utilization are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; however, most farm households either randomly select or just imitate livelihood strategies being practiced in other areas. As the livelihoods of farm households are vulnerable to several challenges in ecologically fragile areas, identifying the livelihood strategies of farm households in arid and semi-arid areas will help for promoting both livelihood security and environmental conservation. Hence, in this study, we constructed a sustainable evaluation index system for the livelihood of farmers in the Loess Plateau region of China by conducting field research and interviews. We employed the composite index method to measure the livelihood capital and the livelihood strategies chosen by farmers, and then analyzed the resource endowment of farmers under different livelihood strategies using logistic regression and structural equation modeling. The results revealed that under the combined influences of livelihood capital and government policy, farm households in the Loess Plateau region selected agro-dependent, agro-pastoral, agro-industrial, non-agricultural livelihood strategies. The key factors influencing the selection of these household livelihood strategies included the household labor capacity, the farmland owned per household, the number of livestock, and the grassland forage-supply ratio. The grassland forage-supply ratio was a crucial factor influencing the choice between agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood strategies. In this context, the grassland forage-supply ratio increased with the stocking rate. However, once the stocking rate exceeded 56.5 sheep/hm2, the grassland forage-supply ratio no longer increased rapidly under the agriculture-based livelihood strategy. The strategy of ecological resource conservation and moderate utilization based on the quality and quantity of natural resources ensures win-win benefits for the environment and human well-being in arid and semi-arid areas. Moderate grazing therefore has the potential to improve farmers’ livelihoods without causing grassland degradation. These results contribute to the synergistic co-adaptation of livelihood improvement and ecological conservation in arid and semi-arid areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploring the influence of trade openness, energy consumption, natural resource rents, and human capital in achieving carbon neutrality Olani Bekele SAKILU, CHEN Haibo Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (4): 100247-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100247 Abstract （79）   HTML （2）    PDF （1037KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Addressing the pressing challenges of climate change and global warming requires a strong commitment to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Efficient energy use and international trade play crucial roles in promoting sustainable development and enhancing environmental quality. This study investigated the relationships of CO2 emissions with trade openness (export and import), energy consumption (renewable energy consumption and fossil fuel consumption), natural resource rents, and human capital across 20 developing countries (Brazil, Iran, Russia, China, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa, Costa Rica, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Pakistan, Türkiye, India, Peru, Viet Nam, Indonesia, and Philippines) from 1990 to 2022 using the augmented mean group (AMG) and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) methods. The findings revealed that export, renewable energy consumption, and human capital significantly reduce CO2 emissions, while import, fossil fuel consumption, and natural resource rents increase CO2 emissions, although the effect of natural resource rents is statistically insignificant. Causality tests indicated the bidirectional relationship of CO2 emissions with export, import, renewable energy consumption, and fossil fuel consumption, and the unidirectional causality from human capital to CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions drive the greenhouse effect, thereby raising global temperature and accelerating climate change. As reducing CO2 emissions becomes an urgent global priority, this study provides actionable insights by identifying key variables that mitigate emissions and enhance sustainability. By bridging research and policy, this study offers targeted recommendations to accelerate progress toward a low-carbon future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Impacts of land use and cover change on carbon storage: Multi-scenario projections in the arid region of Northwest China FENG Xuyu, ZHAO Xiao, TONG Ling, WANG Sufen, DING Risheng, KANG Shaozhong Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (4): 100248-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100248 Abstract （59）   HTML （4）    PDF （4027KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon storage serves as a key indicator of ecosystem services and plays a vital role in maintaining the global carbon balance. Land use and cover change (LUCC) is one of the primary drivers influencing carbon storage variations in terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, evaluating the impacts of LUCC on carbon storage is crucial for achieving strategic goals such as the China’s dual carbon goals (including carbon peaking and carbon neutrality). This study focuses on the Aral Irrigation Area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, to assess the impacts of LUCC on regional carbon storage and their spatiotemporal dynamics. A comprehensive LUCC database from 2000 to 2020 was developed using Landsat satellite imagery and the random forest classification algorithm. The integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model was applied to quantify carbon storage and analyze its response to LUCC. Additionally, future LUCC patterns for 2030 were projected under multiple development scenarios using the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model. These future LUCC scenarios were integrated with the InVEST model to simulate carbon storage trends under different land management pathways. Between 2000 and 2020, the dominant land use types in the study area were cropland (area proportion of 35.52%), unused land (34.80%), and orchard land (12.19%). The conversion of unused land and orchard land significantly expanded the area of cropland, which increased by 115,742.55 hm2. During this period, total carbon storage and carbon density increased by 7.87×106 Mg C and 20.19 Mg C/hm2, respectively. The primary driver of this increase was the conversion of unused land into cropland, accounting for 49.28% of the total carbon storage gain. Carbon storage was notably lower along the northeastern and southeastern edges. By 2030, the projected carbon storage is expected to increase by 0.99×106, 1.55×106, and 1.71×106 Mg C under the natural development, cropland protection, and ecological conservation scenarios, respectively. In contrast, under the urban development scenario, carbon storage is projected to decline by 0.40×106 Mg C. In line with China’s dual carbon goals, the ecological conservation scenario emerges as the most effective strategy for enhancing carbon storage. Accordingly, strict enforcement of the cropland red line is recommended. This study provides a valuable scientific foundation for regional ecosystem restoration and sustainable development in arid regions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of environmental protection priority zones and their impacts on urban planning in small- and medium-sized cities of Indonesia Rizal IMANA, Andrea Emma PRAVITASARI, Didit Okta PRIBADI Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (2): 100211-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100211 Abstract （66）   HTML （6）    PDF （2216KB）（20）       Knowledge map    Save Urbanization in small- and medium-sized cities has often been overlooked in urban studies. Research on urbanization has predominantly focused on large metropolitan cities; however, urbanization in small- and medium-sized cities also contributes to the acceleration of urban sprawl. Urban growth boundary (UGB) is an ecological approach designed to limit urban development. This study aimed to analyze environmental protection priority zones by combining ecological quality and sensitivity indices to identify the areas suitable for UGB implementation. Tegal City and its surrounding areas (including Tegal and Brebes regencies) of Indonesia were selected as the study area. The ecological quality index was calculated using the normalized difference vegetation index, humidity index, land surface temperature, and normalized difference bare soil index. These indices were subsequently subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to extract orthogonal factors, which were summed to derive the final index value. In parallel, we mapped and evaluated ecological sensitivity based on spatial planning policies and regulations. The results revealed that ecological quality in Tegal and Brebes regencies was predominantly categorized as good and very good ecological quality, whereas Tegal City exhibited moderate and poor ecological quality. Additionally, over 45.00% of the area in Tegal and Brebes regencies demonstrated very high ecological sensitivity. Consequently, more than 50.00% of the area in Tegal and Brebes regencies, along with 27.00% of Tegal City, were classified as ecological constraint zone, making them potential regions for UGB development. The UGB is expected to curtail urban expansion, promote compact city planning, and preserve ecosystem services to achieve urban sustainability. This study implies that planning small- and medium-sized cities is important to prevent urban sprawl and maintain environmental health. Designing UGB to limit urban expansion should be enhanced by better knowledge about its ecological functions in supporting urban sustainability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploring the transformation mechanism of modern agricultural villages in the loess hilly and gully regions using actor-network theory ZHANG Tianyang, LI Linna Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (2): 100212-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100212 Abstract （56）   HTML （6）    PDF （1286KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save As urbanization accelerates, rural regions in China are experiencing transformative changes. This study examines the transformation mechanism of modern agricultural villages in the loess hilly and gully regions, using Zhaojiawa Village in Shannxi Province of China as a case study. In this study, we explored the village’s evolution amid China’s rural revitalization efforts, highlighting the transition from a traditional agricultural village to a modern agricultural village in the context of rapid urbanization. This study employed actor-network theory (ANT) to investigate the complex interactions among diverse actors that drive rural transformation. ANT interlinks spatial relationships with intricate social networks. We utilized Google Earth remote sensing images in 2015 and 2021 and interview data to construct ANT. Three key dimensions of rural transformation are identified: economic structure transformation, social relationship reorganization, and spatial layout reconstruction. The transformation mechanism in Zhaojiawa Village is underpinned by a network of diverse actors, both human and non-human, aligned around two pivotal stages of agricultural village development (i.e., construction stage and development stage). In the initial construction stage, the Suide County government led a complex actor network to enhance rural living and production spaces. In the development stage, the village committee emerged as a central actor, with increased participation from villagers and external enterprises, facilitating the creation of a multifunctional space. The evolving goals and roles of these key actors contributed to the reconfiguration of the actor network, promoting rural transformation. These insights are applicable to other ecologically vulnerable and economically challenged rural areas in the loess hilly and gully regions, suggesting that collaboration among stakeholders can effectively facilitate the transition to specialized and integrated industries, thereby fostering rural revitalization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between environmental performance indices and blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies: Evidence from countries in Europe and America Hussain Mohi-ud-Din QADRI, Hassnian ALI, Atta UL MUSTAFA Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (2): 100214-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100214 Abstract （71）   HTML （4）    PDF （952KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save As the world grapples with increasing environmental challenges, innovative technologies are essential for promoting sustainability and accountability. This study examined the impact of environmental performance indices (EPIs) on the growth and investment trends of blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies in 15 countries (Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States) from Europe and America during 2010-2022. This study used the negative binomial regression model to assess the relationship between EPIs and blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies based on the data from the CrunchBase and EarthData. Results indicated that in ecosystem vitality, national terrestrial biome protection efforts were negatively correlated the formation of blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies, while global terrestrial biome protection efforts and marine protected areas had a positive impact on the formation of these companies and the number of funding rounds. In environmental health, PM2.5 exposure had a positive impact on the number of funding rounds. Conversely, pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ocean plastics deterred the formation of blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies and reduced the number of funding rounds. In climate change performance, adjusted emission growth rate for carbon dioxide (CO2), adjusted emission growth rate for F-gases, and adjusted emission growth rate for black carbon had a significantly positive impact on the formation of blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies. Conversely, adjusted emission growth rate for Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and projected greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 negatively affected the formation of these companies. These findings highlight the dual role of EPIs as driving factors and barriers in the development and investment of blockchain-based sustainability-focused companies in countries from Europe and America. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Controlling agricultural product price volatility: An empirical analysis from Cameroon Ivette Gnitedem KEUBENG, George Achu MULUH, Vatis Christian KEMEZANG Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (2): 100215-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100215 Abstract （65）   HTML （3）    PDF （884KB）（17）       Knowledge map    Save Motivated by a significant impact of price volatility on food security and economic stability in Cameroon, this study aims to understand the factors influencing agricultural product price volatility (APPV) and formulate effective policies for mitigating its negative impact and promoting sustainable economic growth. Specifically, this research used the autoregressive distributed lag-error correction model (ARDL-ECM) to analyse the impact of agricultural productivity, agricultural product imports, population, temperature variation, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and government expenditure on APPV based on the annual data from 2000 to 2021. The ARDL-ECM estimation results revealed that agricultural productivity (β=4.901), agricultural product imports (β=1.012), population (β=13.635), and GDP per capita (β=2.794) were positively related to APPV, while temperature variation (β= -0.990) and government expenditure (β= -8.585) were negatively related to APPV in the long term. However, temperature variation had a positive relationship with APPV in the short term. Moreover, the Granger causality test showed that there were bidirectional causality of APPV with agricultural productivity and agricultural product imports, and unidirectional causality of APPV with population, temperature variation, GDP per capita, and government expenditure. The findings highlight the importance of public policies in stabilizing agricultural product prices by investing in agricultural research, improving access to agricultural inputs, strengthening farmer capacities, implementing climate adaptation measures, and enhancing rural infrastructure. These policies can reduce APPV, improve food security, and promote inclusive economic growth in Cameroon. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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