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Optimizing land cover planning for carbon neutrality: Policy insights from scenario-based vegetation carbon sink assessment in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China WEN Youyue, CHEN Zhichao, CAI Saoman, YANG Jian Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (4): 100368-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100368 Abstract （25）   HTML （5）    PDF （9970KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save Mitigating national climate change requires achieving carbon neutrality, necessitating innovative land cover strategies that reconcile economic development with enhanced carbon sinks, particularly in rapidly urbanizing megaregions such as the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China. This study developed a novel assessment framework that integrates Multi-ObjectiveProgramming (MOP) land cover simulations with a Carbon Neutrality Effect (CNE) matrix and a neighborhood proxy method. This framework provides a quantitative evaluation of vegetation carbon sink dynamics resulting from land cover transitions during 2020-2060 under four scenarios: economic development first (ED), carbon neutrality first (EC), sustainable development (EDC), and natural development (EN). Model validation achieved high accuracy (Kappa coefficient=0.77, Overall Accuracy (OA)=0.84). Projected land cover changes revealed distinct transition patterns. Specifically, under the ED and EN scenarios, land cover changes will dominate by the expansion of urban area at the losses of grassland and crop land; under the EC scenario, the new forested land is primarily from crop land and grassland; and under the EDC scenario, urban area and forested land will achieve simultaneous expansion. Moreover, this study found the net vegetation carbon losses of 51.43×1010 and 274.54×1010 g C under the ED and EN scenarios, respectively, undermining carbon neutrality. In contrast, there will be a significant net carbon gain (64.52×1010 g C) under the EC scenario. Crucially, the EDC scenario demonstrates a viable balance, minimizing vegetation carbon loss (7.00×1010 g C) while substantially enhancing both socioeconomic benefit (1.34×1012 CNY/a) and vegetation carbon sink benefit (0.15×1012 CNY/a). This study underscores the critical role of optimized land cover planning in fostering synergistic economic growth and carbon neutrality. The findings provide actionable insights for the implementation of ‘Dual Carbon’ strategy in the GBA and serve as a valuable reference for sustainable land management in climate-vulnerable coastal megacities worldwide. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal evolution and simulation optimization of rural settlements in Hotan Prefecture, China: A three-dimensional perspective HAO Jiaxin, SHEN Liqiang, WANG Yuejian, CHEN Huanhuan Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (4): 100371-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100371 Abstract （28）   HTML （3）    PDF （4035KB）（8）       Knowledge map    Save The exploration of the evolutionary process and influence mechanism of rural settlements has significant implications for the promotion of sustainable rural development. However, existing research has yet to employ a three-dimensional perspective that organically combines scale, space, and morphology. In view of this, using Hotan Prefecture of China as the study area, we constructed a three-dimensional analysis framework to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of rural settlements from 2000 to 2020 through landscape pattern indices, kernel density analysis, and GeoDetector. Furthermore, the Geographical Simulation and Optimization System-Future Land Use Simulation (GeoSOS-FLUS) model was utilized to predict various scenarios affecting rural settlements in 2030. This study reveals that scale dynamics followed a clear pattern: values dropped sharply and then stabilized alongside ongoing growth. Spatial patterns showed clustering along rivers and transport corridors, with density gradients radiating outward. Morphological evolution is marked by gradual patch regularization and stabilized spatial configuration. GeoDetector analysis identified hydrological accessibility and cropland proximity as primary spatial determinants of rural settlements, demonstrating significant synergistic effects (q-value=0.457). Scenario projections yielded divergent outcomes: under the natural development scenario, rural settlements are projected to expand by 5.490% relative to 2020, with this expansion mainly driven by cropland encroachment and unused land development. In contrast, the urban-rural integration development scenario reveals a significantly lower predicted growth rate. Rural settlements are expected to adopt a more compact and clustered spatial layout. Under the cropland production development scenario, conversions of cropland to built-up land are constrained, substantially curbing the expansion rate of rural settlements. In summary, this study intends to offer scientific support for optimizing the spatial layout of rural settlements in arid oasis regions and advancing rural revitalization strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal variations in oasis structure and landscape stability in the middle reaches of the Konqi River based on high-spatial-resolution multispectral imagery JIN Jingyu, LI Junli, BAO Anming, WEI Chunxia, LI Fujie, WANG Haoyu, ZHANG Jiudan, Naibi SULEI Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (4): 100372-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100372 Abstract （32）   HTML （4）    PDF （3972KB）（12）       Knowledge map    Save Inland river oasis ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations due to extensive land exploitation. It is essential to understand the environmental implications and consequences of such activities to ensure the ecological safety of these ecosystems. This study applied a U-Net model to multi-temporal imagery acquired from the Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) and Sentinel-2 satellites to map structural variations of oasis ecosystems in the middle reaches of the Konqi River, China, from 1986 to 2023. Based on the mapping results, the study analysed landscape pattern changes in the context of water resource utilisation and agricultural development. The stability of the oasis in the middle reaches of the Konqi River was also assessed through landscape pattern analysis. The results showed that, from 1986 to 2023, the landscape transitioned predominantly from a natural desert ecosystem to an anthropogenic farmland ecosystem. Significant increases were observed in cropland, orchard, and urban land, with increases of 143.39%, 337.73%, and 143.39%, respectively. Conversely, grassland, shrub woodland, and bare land decreased by 58.04%, 27.30%, and 25.57%, respectively. Notably, grassland and shrub woodland together contributed to 75.15% of the cropland increase, while bare land accounted for 64.83% of the urban expansion. Cropland and orchard primarily expanded along riparian zones and irrigation channels, with new orchard developing from existing croplands that have favourable water, soil, and transportation conditions. From a landscape perspective, the proliferation and clustering of cropland and orchard patches enhanced the connectivity of the oasis ecosystem. The overall stability of the oasis landscape in the middle reaches of the Konqi River gradually increased. This study offers a scientific evaluation of land exploitation and the overall stability of oasis ecosystems under conditions of limited water resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Crop planting structural optimization over area expansion: A pathway to sustainable oasis agriculture in arid Northwest China HE Jinfeng, BAI Jie, CHANG Cun, JIN Jingyu, ZHAO Yongbo, LI Junli, BAO Anming, CHEN Qihao, SUN Huilan Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (4): 100373-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100373 Abstract （26）   HTML （4）    PDF （7293KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Arid regions face critical challenges in balancing water resources, agricultural, and ecological sustainability. This study developed an integrated framework that combines remote sensing, the Penman-Monteith (P-M) model, and a multi-objective optimization model to optimize the crop planting structure in the Hotan Oasis, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, using 2020 as the baseline year. The model maximizes economic benefit while minimizing crop water consumption (CWC) and fertilizer application, subject to constraints such as croplands and water resources, food security, and policy requirements. The Hotan Oasis had 23.99×104 hm2 of cropland, dominated by fruit-grain intercropping (43.65%), which accounted for 55.54% of the total CWC. Under constant and flexible total planting areas, reducing water-intensive crops such as monocropped fruits (jujube and walnut) and cotton and expanding the vegetable area can simultaneously increase grain yield (increase of 1.77%-2.21%) and economic benefit (increase of 5.33%-6.80%) while reducing CWC by 2.65% and fertilizer application by 4.37%-9.61%. However, any form of cropland expansion inevitably increased CWC (6.88%-14.76%) and fertilizer application (10.48%-20.09%), despite further gains in grain yield and economic benefit. While county-level optimization results generally aligned with these trends, specific adjustment pathways showed regional variations. These findings demonstrated that the sustainable development of the Hotan Oasis agriculture depends on internal structural adjustments and targeted crop diversification rather than spatial expansion to reconcile water use, food production, and ecological goals. This study provides a framework that supports the efficient management of water and land resources, offering a conceptual and practical reference for optimizing agricultural structures in similar arid regions worldwide. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Oil palm land expansion and sustainable agriculture challenges in rural areas of Indonesia Herdis HERDIANSYAH, Randi MAMOLA Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (3): 100347-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100347 Abstract （57）   HTML （6）    PDF （3152KB）（9）       Knowledge map    Save The expansion of oil palm land in Indonesia has led to the increase of land connectivity, posing significant challenges due to substantial and heterogeneous land use changes, particularly in the rural areas of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Identifying the social, environmental, and economic drivers is critical for understanding how land use changes shape the spatial pattern of oil palm land expansion. Therefore, this study employed the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to assess the spatiotemporal effects of staged and continuity indices on the oil palm land expansion in the six villages (Kumpeh, Kumpeh Ulu, Mujaro Sebo, Kota Madya, Jambi Luar, and Mestong) of Jambi Province during 2016-2022. The result revealed that the northern region—especially Mujaro Sebo, Kumpeh, and Kumpeh Ulu villages—contribute most significantly to gradual and continuous oil palm land movement. Staged index had positive influence on increasing oil palm land connectivity. Specifically, economic growth, oil palm agriculture, and medical and health infrastructure were the primary drivers with the positive influence on increasing oil palm land expansion during 2021-2022. Additionally, population flow and commodity land exhibited high connectivity with oil palm land expansion in the northern region, particularly in Kumpeh and Mujaro Sebo villages, collectively leading to 53.79% expansion of oil palm land. Moreover, continuity index reflected a transition from dual core to multi-core development. Oil palm land expansion was predominantly influenced by oil palm agriculture and investment development, though their impacts differed markedly. This empirical study confirms the spatial heterogeneous distribution of land connectivity drivers—represented by barycenter variation—across six villages in Jambi Province, offering essential insights for governmental policy prioritization to mitigate future conflicts arising from oil palm land shifts in the rural areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Sustainable three-dimensional (3D) space optimization in high-density urban areas: Drivers, synergies, and multi-method insights KONG Bowen, LIU Haoxuan, ZHANG Luyao, TANG Chun’an, ZOU Baoping Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (3): 100348-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100348 Abstract （49）   HTML （4）    PDF （5426KB）（13）       Knowledge map    Save Spatial conflicts in high-density urban areas impede sustainable development, therefore, such cities urgently require sustainable three-dimensional (3D) space optimization. However, existing studies lack a systematic understanding of driving factors and stakeholder differences. This study established an integrated framework using grounded theory analysis of stakeholder interviews, a bibliometric review of academic literature, and system dynamic model and identified five core drivers (regional suitability, human-centred philosophy, innovative design, management capacity, and transformative technology) for sustainable 3D space optimization in high-density urban areas of Zhejiang Province, China. We compared word frequency counts from interviews using co-occurrence analysis in the literature to highlight divergent stakeholder priorities. Word frequency analysis revealed that residents mentioned keywords about human-centred philosophy approximately three times more frequently than experts, highlighting notable divergences in priorities among the stakeholders. Moreover, while co-occurrence analysis identified management capacity as a central theme in scholarly discourse, word frequency analysis ranked it the last among practitioners, underscoring a notable academic-practical difference. Ultimately, based on grounded theory and co-occurrence analyses, we developed a conceptual framework reflecting the relationships between the five core factors and their internal functions. This framework integrates urban research methodologies, providing planners with flexible tools and suggesting the formulation of policies based on actual circumstances, to achieve sustainable development in high-density urban areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Estimates of grassland carbon storage using machine-learning models FAN Zhitao, DONG Fawu, LIU Dongwei, LI Bingjie, QU Zhicheng, YAO Shunyu, SU Xiashu, WANG Lixin Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (3): 100352-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100352 Abstract （46）   HTML （1）    PDF （6313KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is a crucial component of the global ecosystem, essential for maintaining biodiversity, regulating climate, and stabilizing soil. The Mongolian Plateau, with its extensive grasslands, serves as a key region influencing the global carbon cycle. Therefore, accurately estimating above- and below-ground biomass carbon is critical. This study selects the Ordos Grassland on the Mongolian Plateau as a case study to evaluate the performance of five machine-learning models, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN), in predicting biomass carbon using key remote sensing variables as predictors. RF model exhibited excellent capability and stability in predicting both above-ground biomass carbon (AGBC) and below-ground biomass carbon (BGBC), outperforming SVM, DT, KNN, and BPNN models. The total AGBC and BGBC of Ordos Grassland were approximately 16.40×105 and 83.88×105 Mg C, respectively, with mean carbon densities of 116.94 and 575.44 g C/m2, respectively. Natural grasslands contributed 89.00% of the total carbon storage. Spatial analysis showed significant heterogeneity, with higher carbon storage values in the eastern region decreasing westward. Temporal analysis from 2019 to 2023 indicated that 36.00% of pixels showed increasing AGBC trends and 39.00% showed increasing BGBC trends. Climate correlation analysis revealed that precipitation was the primary controlling factor for AGBC through positive correlation, while temperature was the most significant factor affecting BGBC through negative correlation, with distinct spatial variations across different climatic conditions. These findings not only provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of grassland ecosystems on the Mongolian Plateau, but also offer critical data support for regional carbon neutrality strategies and global climate change mitigation. Furthermore, the optimized machine-learning framework established in this study can be extended to large-scale grassland biomass carbon estimation in other similar ecosystems worldwide. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Exploring uncertainty in the household water, energy, and food nexus: trade-offs and synergies in South Africa Thulani NINGI, Amon TARUVINGA, Leocadia ZHOU, Saul NGARAVA Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (3): 100355-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100355 Abstract （44）   HTML （1）    PDF （13807KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save Access to water, energy, and food (WEF) remains a persistent challenge in many developing countries, particularly in rural areas where infrastructural limitations and socio-economic vulnerabilities intersect. At the household level, identifying the complex trade-offs and synergies within the water-energy-food (W-E-F) nexus remains a major challenge due to uncertainties and competing priorities. This study addressed this gap by applying partial correlation network analysis and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to model the interactions and sensitivities of WEF-related decisions among households. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 655 households in the Amathole District Municipality (ADM), South Africa, using a mixed sampling approach. The analysis explored key trade-offs and synergies across the food-water (F-W), water-energy (W-E), food-energy (F-E), and W-E-F nexus dimensions. Findings revealed that income competition and transportation were major trade-offs, while solar pump use emerged as a significant synergy. Income competition had the highest node strength (0.872) and expected influence (1.117) in the W-E-F nexus trade-off network. Within the synergy network, the strongest node strength and expected influence were found for transportation (1.380 and 1.106, respectively) in the F-W nexus, good energy infrastructure (0.848 and 1.240, respectively) in the W-E nexus, and low energy cost (1.031 and 1.031, respectively) in the F-E nexus. Simulation results further indicated that income competition was highly sensitive to transportation and labour use, while synergies like solar pump use, good energy infrastructure, and low energy cost were most sensitive to changes in the use of modern energy, water saving technique, and use of modern energy, respectively. The study concluded that household-level WEF decisions were shaped by multidimensional trade-offs and synergies that were highly sensitive to resource access, infrastructure, and income dynamics. This study advanced understanding of household-level uncertainties in the W-E-F nexus and provided empirical evidence to inform policies aimed at strengthening household resilience and promoting sustainable governance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Vascular plant diversity and distribution pattern in Tajikistan: A global hotspot of diversity ZHOU Yixin, MA Suliya, LI Wenjun, Parvina KURBONOVA, Mariyo BOBOEV, LI Yufan, Hikmat HISORIEV, MA Keping, YANG Weikang, ZHANG Yuanming Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100294-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100294 Abstract （111）   HTML （7）    PDF （3454KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity. However, the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges. There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning. Therefore, this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), threatened species richness (TSR), and endemic species richness (ESR) to map species diversity distribution patterns, identify conservation gaps, and elucidate their effects of climatic factors. This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan. The central-western mountains (specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions) emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots. However, we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas (PAs). Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low, ranging from 31.00% to 38.00%. Consequently, a critical 64.80% of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs, representing a major conservation gap. This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers, collectively explaining over 50.00% of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts. Furthermore, we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases, with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled. This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action, highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys. These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3 (“30×30 Protection”). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Coupling dynamics of SDGs in Tajikistan from 2001 to 2023 Ranna HAZIHAN, DU Hongru, HE Chuanchuan, Kobiljon Khushvakht KHUSHVAKHTZODA, Bobozoda KOMIL Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100295-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100295 Abstract （129）   HTML （5）    PDF （3688KB）（72）       Knowledge map    Save Since the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, global implementation has steadily advanced, yet prominent challenges persist. Progress has been uneven across regions and countries, with Tajikistan representing a typical example of such disparities. Based on 81 SDG indicators for Tajikistan from 2001 to 2023, this study applied a three-level coupling network framework: at the microscale, it identified synergies and trade-offs between indicators; at the mesoscale, it examined the strength and direction of linkages within four SDG-related components (society, finance, governance, and environment); and at the global level, it focused on the overall SDG interlinkages. Spearman’s rank correlation, sliding window method, and topological properties were employed to analyze the coupling dynamics of SDGs. Results showed that over 70.00% of associations in the global SDG network were of medium-to-low intensity, alongside extremely strong ones (|r| value approached 1.00, where r is the correlation coefficient). SDG interactions were generally limited, with stable local synergy clusters in core livelihood sectors. Network modularity fluctuated, reflecting a cycle of differentiation, integration, and fragmentation, while coupling efficiency varied with the external environment. Each component exhibited distinct functional characteristics. The social component maintained high connectivity through the “poverty alleviation-education-healthcare” loop. The environmental component shifted toward coordinated eco-economic governance. The governance-related component broke interdepartmental barriers, while the financial component showed weak links between resource-based indicators and consumption/employment indicators. Tajikistan’s SDG coupling evolved through three phases: survival-oriented (2001-2012), policy integration (2013-2018), and shock adaptation (2019-2023). These phases were driven by policy changes, resource industries, governance optimization, and external factors. This study enriches the analytical framework for understanding the dynamic coupling of SDGs in mountainous resource-dependent countries and provides empirical evidence to support similar countries in formulating phase-specific SDG promotion strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and recent changes of glaciers in Tajikistan XU Chunhai, LI Zhongqin, HE Zhonghua, WANG Feiteng, MU Jianxin, CHEN Yaning, Sheralizoda NAZRIALO, Farhod NASRULLOEV, Aminjon GULAHMADZODA Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100296-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100296 Abstract （157）   HTML （10）    PDF （1655KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan contains the majority of Central Asia’s glaciers, which cover about 6.00% of the national territory; their rapid shrinkage poses a significant threat to regional water resource security. However, glacier monitoring in Tajikistan was interrupted after 1991, creating a substantial gap in understanding the current state and temporal evolution of these glaciers. Based on glacier inventory data, in situ measurements, and published literature, this study examined the present status and recent variations of glaciers in Tajikistan through data integration and validation, literature collation and comparative analysis, and the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis techniques. As of 2023, Tajikistan possesses a total of 11,528 glaciers, encompassing an area of 7624.48 (±305.58) km2. Small glaciers dominate in number, whereas large glaciers account for the majority of the total area. Over the past two decades, the glacier count has decreased by 2014, and the total area has decreased by 628.98 km2, corresponding to an average annual reduction rate of 0.33%. Regional shrinkage rates range from 4.10% to 22.28%. Glaciers have undergone accelerated mass loss during the past 20 a; only those on the northeastern Pamir Plateau exhibit a weak positive mass balance. Observations of typical monitored glaciers also reveal intensified melting and retreat, consistent with regional trends. In light of the recent acceleration of glacier shrinkage in Tajikistan, focused measures should be implemented to strengthen glacier monitoring, enhance public awareness of glacier preservation, and promote the sustainable development and utilization of glacier tourism. These findings bridge the knowledge gap regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tajikistan’s glaciers over recent decades and provide essential data support for regional water resource management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risks of snow drought and impacts on streamflow in Tajikistan LI Yupeng, CHEN Yaning, WANG Fei, ZHANG Xiang, ZHANG Qifei, SUN Fan, FANG Gonghuan, Safarkhon SHAROFIDDINOV, Jafar NIYAZOV Regional Sustainability    2026, 7 (1): 100298-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2026.100298 Abstract （124）   HTML （3）    PDF （2561KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Save Tajikistan, a mountainous country and a vital water tower for Central Asia, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to snow drought under climate change, threatening its snow- and glacier-fed streamflow. Yet, the impacts of snow drought on the regional hydrology remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we integrated multisource data, including the Fifth Generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Atmospheric Reanalysis for Land Applications (ERA5-Land) data and hydrological station data, to systematically assess the snow drought patterns and their impacts on streamflow during 1950-2023. We identified snow drought events based on precipitation and snow fraction anomalies relative to climatological means and classified them into warm snow drought, dry snow drought, and warm&dry snow drought. The results revealed that snow drought was a recurrent phenomenon, occurring in 51.70% of the years during the study period, with warm&dry snow drought accounting for 21.90% of the total events. Both the frequency and severity exhibited pronounced spatial variability, largely governed by the elevation and snowfall fraction. Specifically, the frequency of warm snow drought was negatively correlated with the snowfall fraction, decreasing on average by 0.20 per unit increase in snowfall fraction, whereas the frequency of dry snow drought was positively correlated, increasing by 0.07 per unit increase. The streamflow analysis results demonstrated that snow drought typically reduced the warm-season discharge by 5.00%-18.00% in certain rivers, thereby exacerbating the water stress during the dry season. The results of this study advance our understanding by explicitly linking the types of snow drought to hydrological responses in Central Asia’s high mountains, providing a scientific basis for climate adaptation and sustainable water resource management in Tajikistan. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Impact of climate change on global economy: A comprehensive review Mahalingam Santhosh KUMAR, Narasimabhrathi Venkatesa PALANICHAMY, K. M. SHIVAKUMAR, Mani CHANDRAKUMAR, Muthuswamy KALPANA, Dhandapani MURUGANANTHI Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100274-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100274 Abstract （169）   HTML （9）    PDF （2046KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change has emerged as an important global issue, primarily driven by human activities, affecting ecosystems, societies, and economies worldwide. This review employed a comprehensive narrative analysis that incorporates expertise from policy studies, environmental science, and economics. Targeted keywords are used to systematically search major academic databases. This article explores various aspects of climate change, economic consequences, and the evolving discourse on climate risk. It addresses the association between climate change and several economic variables, such as gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and financial markets. The review highlights the complex relationship among physical risks, transition risks, and approaches to cope with climate change. It examines global climate policies such as the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. This study also investigates climate risk assessment models like Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and how they help understand the economic effect of climate change. Moreover, it explores ways to adapt to and reduce climate change, such as carbon taxes and subsidies. This review focuses on the critical importance of instruments like the Climate Action Tracker in evaluating national and global climate change responses, which serve as a framework for assessing policy effectiveness and progress toward emission targets. By integrating different viewpoints from economics, environmental science, and governance, this review underscores the value of coordinated global action to address the challenges posed by climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantifying desertification control efficiency in a hyper-arid region: Spatiotemporal dynamics and policy synergies in Hotan Prefecture of China during 2005-2023 SUN Lingxiao, LI Chunlan, YU Yang, HE Jing, YANG Meilin, WANG Qian, LIANG Xueqiong, Ireneusz MALIK, Małgorzata WISTUBA Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100275-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100275 Abstract （144）   HTML （2）    PDF （1484KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save Desertification poses severe threats to socio-ecological resilience in arid regions, yet systematic quantification of desertification control efficiency remains limited. This study addressed this gap by developing an integrated Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Malmquist index to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of desertification control efficiency in Hotan Prefecture (a hyper-arid region) of China from 2005 to 2023. To achieve this goal, we analyzed 5 indices spanning the total factor productivity, technical change, efficiency change, pure efficiency change, and scale efficiency change across 7 counties and 1 city in Hotan Prefecture. Results revealed that the growth rate of the total factor productivity is 12.0%, which is driven primarily by technical change and management optimization. However, significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity emerged. Temporally, rapid early gains during 2005-2010, with the total factor productivity value of 1.372, were dominated by technological progress, where technical change reached 1.291, while scale efficiency change helped sustain progress between 2010 and 2015. A recent decline in the total factor productivity to 0.987 during 2015-2023 underscored the risks associated with technological stagnation. Spatially, Qira County achieved the highest growth rate of the total factor productivity at 33.7% through dual advances in technology and management, which stands in sharp contrast to Moyu County’s stagnation, where the total factor productivity reached only 1.029, reflecting the minimal growth rate of 2.9%. Furthermore, scale expansion change proved beneficial in Pishan County but counterproductive in Qira County. Based on these findings, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations to enhance desertification control efficiency in hyper-arid regions like Hotan Prefecture. It emphasizes the importance of continuous technological innovation, particularly water-saving and adaptive techniques to counteract declining productivity. Differentiated spatial strategies are essential, with tailored interventions for high-risk northern areas and scaling successful models from higher-efficiency southern zones. Optimizing project scale based on ecological carrying capacity rather than uncontrolled expansion is urged, along with strengthening cross-regional water resource coordination. Finally, establishing a data-driven monitoring and decision-support system could enable dynamic efficiency evaluations and evidence-based policy planning. This study provides a critical methodological framework for systematically quantifying desertification control efficiency in hyper-arid regions, establishing an empirical foundation for targeted ecological governance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of land use and land cover changes on ecosystem services and functions in the Kulpawn River Basin of Ghana Osman ZAKARI, Charles GYAMFI, Samuel Anim OFOSU, Ebenezer BOAKYE, Solomon Tawiah APAFO, Geophrey Kwame ANORNU, Bernard Nuoleyeng BAATUUWIE Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100277-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100277 Abstract （114）   HTML （4）    PDF （1099KB）（29）       Knowledge map    Save The Kulpawn River Basin (KRB) plays a critical role in supporting rural livelihoods through agriculture, water supply, and biodiversity conservation. However, between 1995 and 2023, significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes have been observed, affecting ecosystem services (ESs). This study evaluated the ecosystem service values (ESVs) associated with LULC changes. The random forest algorithm was applied to extract LULC information from Landsat images for 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2023. The benefit transfer method was employed to estimate the ESVs over the study period. Questionnaires were also used to assess the views of respondents on the drivers of the ES changes in the basin. The results showed that agricultural lands expanded by 14.14%, built-up areas by 15.17%, and light savannah forest by 8.73%, while dense savannah forest and water bodies declined by 25.71% and 20.00%, respectively. The total estimated ESV was 410.09×108, 362.92×108, 335.30×108, and 319.28×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2023, respectively, indicating that the total ESV declined from 410.09×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 1995 to 319.28×108 USD/(hm2·a) in 2023. The study concludes that the reduction in ESVs is due to the LULC changes resulting from agricultural activities, expansion of built-up areas, population sprawl, and artisanal mining activities. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop programs and strategies to mitigate and curtail the degradation of LULC and ESVs in the basin. These findings reveal a growing ecological vulnerability, threatening water security and rural livelihoods. The study offers valuable insights to guide sustainable land use planning and ecosystem conservation strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Promoting responsible visitor behavior through green tourism initiatives: Willingness to pay for support scenarios in Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park, Indonesia Ari RAHMAN, Evi Siti SOFIYAH, Imelda Masni Juniaty SIANIPAR, Cut Maisarah ZULFA, Sapta SUHARDONO, Chun Hung LEE, I Wayan Koko SURYAWAN Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (6): 100279-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100279 Abstract （117）   HTML （1）    PDF （743KB）（28）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid growth in nature-based and super-premium tourism has increased environmental pressures on protected destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park (KNP) in Indonesia, raising concerns about biodiversity conservation and responsible visitor behavior. Understanding how visitors value and support green tourism initiatives is therefore essential for designing effective and acceptable sustainability policies. This study explores visitor preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for green tourism initiatives in Labuan Bajo and KNP, a renowned super-premium tourism destination in Indonesia. A choice experiment was employed to ascertain which green tourism options visitors prioritize. A total of 600 visitors completed surveys presenting different tourism scenarios. The data were then analyzed using statistical models to estimate to what extent visitors are willing to pay for each option. The study’s primary focus was on five key aspects: green hotels, sustainable transportation, locally sourced products, environmental footprint reduction, and communication with locals. Three hypothetical scenarios were developed: Scenario 1 with a focus on eco-friendly accommodations; Scenario 2 with an emphasis on sustainable transportation and local engagement; and Scenario 3 with comprehensive green tourism initiatives. The findings showed robust support from visitors and clear WTP for programs such as green hotels, public transport, local food, and improved waste management. The findings also highlighted the significance of enhancing awareness regarding the protection of Komodo dragons and marine ecosystems as part of sustainable tourism. This study significantly contributes to the literature by quantifying visitor preferences within a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site and shows the potential for policies that support environmentally and socially responsible tourism in biodiversity-rich areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Social-ecological indicators and framework for assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh Kazi Atiah TAIYEBI, Natalie Ann Cooper WELDEN, Md Sarwar HOSSAIN Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100260-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100260 Abstract （163）   HTML （5）    PDF （965KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save Shrimp farming is a major global aquaculture activity; however, its social and ecological impacts raise sustainability concerns. While previous research has focused on isolated social or environmental aspects of sustainability in shrimp farming, integrated assessments of these factors using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach are rare. A framework for assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming—comprising a set of social and ecological indicators—is developed and conceptualized in this study for the first time, using an integrated, interdisciplinary, and empirical SES approach. We first identified key social and ecological indicators and developed a conceptual framework based on SES approach, then surveyed 90 shrimp farms across 3 coastal regions (including Satkhira, Bagerhat, and Cox’s Bazar districts) in Bangladesh. Nearly all farmers in Satkhira (97%) and all in Bagerhat (100%) expressed dissatisfaction with the decreasing pattern of shrimp production and profitability over the last decade. In contrast, nearly all respondents in Cox’s Bazar (97%) reported satisfaction with increasing shrimp production. Except in Cox’s Bazar, equity in labor payment remained a concern for the social sustainability of the shrimp farming system. The changing pattern of shrimp production and profitability, which does not ensure equity, poses a threat to the sustainability of shrimp farming. Most of the surveyed farmers recognized the mutual benefits of mangrove forests and shrimp farming (97% in Satkhira and 77% in Cox’s Bazar), which suggests potential for the development of policy on integrated mangrove-shrimp farming with community-based management. This research could help assess the sustainability of the shrimp farming system and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2 (zero hunger) and 8 (decent work and economic growth). By examining existing practices and developing a novel framework, this study highlights informed decision-making and guides methodological discussion on assessing the sustainability of shrimp farming using the SES approach in coastal regions and different aquaculture systems worldwide. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Insights into material use and economic decoupling in China’s infrastructure for sustainable development GUO Hongwei, HAN Ji Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100262-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100262 Abstract （131）   HTML （2）    PDF （1784KB）（28）       Knowledge map    Save Quantifying material use in infrastructure development and analyzing its relationship with economic growth is essential for enhancing resource efficiency and steering regional resource management toward sustainable development. This study systematically assessed infrastructure related material use in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China during 1978-2022. The result indicated that material stock has experienced significant growth, increasing from 16.91×109 t in 1978 to 103.60×109 t in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 4.20%. However, from 1978 to 2015, material input followed a strong upward trend but saturated after 2015. At the national level, material input peaked in 2015, after which it began to decline. The central region reached its peak earlier in 2013, while the eastern and western regions peaked in 2015. Using a decoupling analysis framework, this study revealed that nationally, the elasticity value between material stock and gross domestic product (GDP) remained near or above 1.0, reflecting continued reliance on stock accumulation. Regionally, the elasticity value between material stock and GDP has increased in the central and western regions during 1978-2022, whereas elasticity value between material stock and GDP in the eastern region showed a slower growth rate but still struggled to achieve absolute decoupling. Moreover, the elasticity value between material input and GDP has declined at the national level, presenting a relative decoupling, with some regions already achieving absolute decoupling. The eastern region was closer to absolute decoupling, while the central and western regions, though still intensive in material input, exhibited faster declines in elasticity. Accelerating the transition from linear to circular economy is an essential step for China to achieve absolute decoupling and long-term sustainability. Finally, this research recommends promoting the adoption of renewable energy, driving industrial upgrading, implementing compact urban design, and extending the lifespan of infrastructure to reduce material dependency and achieve sustainable infrastructure transformation at the national level. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dual impact of digitalization on the carbon emissions of Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations in China: A spatiotemporal perspective WEI Meng, RU Lifei, CAI Zhi, MA Minda Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100263-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100263 Abstract （125）   HTML （4）    PDF （5791KB）（222）       Knowledge map    Save Digital transformation, as a recent trend in socioeconomic development, is considered as a critical pathway for urban carbon reduction because of its potential to increase productivity and energy efficiency. However, few studies have explored the relationship between urban digitalization and carbon emissions (CE). Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution and interaction mechanism between digitalization and CE in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomerations of China during 2006-2020 based on a multidimensional indicator system, including digitalization industry level, digitalization application level, and urban green digitalization willingness. The findings revealed that both digitalization and CE in the YRD exhibit a significant and synchronously evolving “core-periphery” spatial pattern. Core cities generated substantial positive spillover effect on periphery cities through technology diffusion and policy demonstration, advancing both regional digitalization and the collaborative governance of CE. However, digitalization had dual impact on CE. On the one hand, it promoted the reduction of CE by enhancing energy efficiency, optimizing industrial structures, and promoting the application of green technologies. On the other hand, the expansion of digital infrastructure introduced a potential risk of increased energy consumption. Therefore, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to facilitate the coordination of environmental sustainability and digitalization in the YRD. This study provides empirical support and policy insights for advancing the coordinated development of regional digital transformation and green low-carbon initiatives. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Conservation agriculture for sustainable food system: Current insights and emerging perspectives Subhashisa PRAHARAJ, Bharat LAL, Himansu Sekhar GOUDA, Amit Kumar PANDEY, Shivasankar ACHARYA, Arunima KUMARI Regional Sustainability    2025, 6 (5): 100264-.   DOI: 10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100264 Abstract （131）   HTML （1）    PDF （2079KB）（64）       Knowledge map    Save Global challenges, including resource inefficiency, rising food demand, sustainability concerns, and climate change, necessitate more efficient and resilient agricultural systems. Conservation agriculture (CA), which is based on the principles of the minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil organic cover, and species diversification, provides a promising solution. This study examined the principles and mechanisms of CA, assessed its benefits and constraints, and identified key research gaps. This study focused on CA outcomes related to soil health, biodiversity, productivity, and ecosystem services, considering factors such as climate, soil type, and management practices. CA has demonstrated the potential to improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and boost productivity across diverse regions. However, its effectiveness has been found to vary across studies, emphasizing the need for a more critical understanding of its benefits and limitations. Moreover, variations in outcomes are evident due to differences in experimental methodologies, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic factors. For the widespread adoption of CA practices, it is necessary to make personalized adjustments to it, integrating the corresponding technologies, thereby meeting the needs of farmers. Interdisciplinary research is crucial to refining CA practices and addressing existing knowledge gaps. This study is practiced to enhance the understanding of the potential of CA to promote a sustainable global food production system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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