Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and its impact on land surface temperature: A case study in New Town Kolkata, eastern India

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100138

Abstract

Abstract:

Rapid urbanization creates complexity, results in dynamic changes in land and environment, and influences the land surface temperature (LST) in fast-developing cities. In this study, we examined the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on LST and determined the intensity of urban heat island (UHI) in New Town Kolkata (a smart city), eastern India, from 1991 to 2021 at 10-a intervals using various series of Landsat multi-spectral and thermal bands. This study used the maximum likelihood algorithm for image classification and other methods like the correlation analysis and hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi* method) to examine the impact of LULC changes on urban thermal environment. This study noticed that the area percentage of built-up land increased rapidly from 21.91% to 45.63% during 1991-2021, with a maximum positive change in built-up land and a maximum negative change in sparse vegetation. The mean temperature significantly increased during the study period (1991-2021), from 16.31°C to 22.48°C in winter, 29.18°C to 34.61°C in summer, and 19.18°C to 27.11°C in autumn. The result showed that impervious surfaces contribute to higher LST, whereas vegetation helps decrease it. Poor ecological status has been found in built-up land, and excellent ecological status has been found in vegetation and water body. The hot spot and cold spot areas shifted their locations every decade due to random LULC changes. Even after New Town Kolkata became a smart city, high LST has been observed. Overall, this study indicated that urbanization and changes in LULC patterns can influence the urban thermal environment, and appropriate planning is needed to reduce LST. This study can help policy-makers create sustainable smart cities.

Key words: Urbanization, Land use/land cover(LULC) changes, Land surface temperature, Urban heat island, Hotspot analysis, Smart city

Bubun MAHATA, Siba Sankar SAHU, Archishman SARDAR, Laxmikanta RANA, Mukul MAITY. Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and its impact on land surface temperature: A case study in New Town Kolkata, eastern India[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2024, 5(2): 100138.

Figures/Tables 23

Fig. 1.

Table 1

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Table 7

Spatiotemporal changes of LST across various LULC types during 1991-2021."

LULC type	LST in summer of 1991				LST in winter of 1991
LULC type	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)
Agricultural land	32.87	23.25	30.33	1.29	22.38	14.24	20.70	0.96
Built-up land	32.87	23.26	30.04	1.27	22.82	14.71	20.80	0.81
Dense vegetation	31.24	23.69	28.27	1.05	21.51	11.40	19.77	1.02
Sparse vegetation	32.06	23.25	28.72	1.13	21.94	10.92	20.05	1.04
Water body	31.24	23.25	28.72	1.11	21.94	13.78	20.14	0.94
Fallow land	32.87	23.25	28.91	1.48	21.94	11.88	20.22	1.00
	LST in summer of 2001				LST in winter of 2001
	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)
Agricultural land	33.60	27.36	30.65	1.04	21.82	17.09	19.23	0.75
Built-up land	36.39	27.36	31.83	1.63	21.82	17.09	19.19	0.71
Dense vegetation	32.19	26.37	29.28	0.90	21.82	16.55	18.66	0.68
Sparse vegetation	32.19	26.37	28.88	1.13	21.82	17.09	19.21	0.70
Water body	30.76	25.87	27.66	0.92	20.78	17.09	18.32	0.69
Fallow land	34.54	27.36	31.06	0.95	21.82	17.09	18.80	0.67
	LST in summer of 2011				LST in winter of 2011
	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)
Agricultural land	34.07	26.87	30.09	0.91	23.36	18.16	21.45	0.68
Built-up land	34.55	24.87	30.26	1.42	23.36	17.09	20.94	0.99
Dense vegetation	32.19	24.36	27.09	1.28	22.33	16.55	19.62	0.86
Sparse vegetation	33.60	24.36	28.74	1.43	23.36	16.55	20.29	1.05
Water body	30.76	23.86	26.23	1.20	22.84	16.55	18.39	1.07
Fallow land	34.54	24.87	30.86	1.65	23.36	17.62	21.05	1.05
	LST in summer of 2021				LST in winter of 2021
	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Mean (°C)	SD (°C)
Agricultural land	38.95	30.53	35.18	1.52	25.43	19.68	23.28	1.02
Built-up land	39.62	29.34	35.14	1.24	26.01	19.44	22.67	0.95
Dense vegetation	37.98	28.49	33.71	1.29	24.56	19.38	21.73	0.81
Sparse vegetation	36.64	28.54	33.68	1.40	23.89	19.59	21.22	0.73
Water body	37.15	27.65	31.20	2.34	23.96	18.56	20.68	1.04
Fallow land	39.30	29.60	35.60	1.47	25.80	19.67	23.40	0.89

Table 7

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LULC type	1991		2001		2011		2021
LULC type	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)
Agricultural land	3.85	11.82	6.79	20.85	6.26	19.22	2.49	7.65
Built-up land	7.13	21.91	6.19	19.02	9.21	28.29	14.85	45.63
Dense vegetation	4.54	13.94	8.12	24.96	5.24	16.10	6.38	19.60
Fallow land	6.84	21.01	3.59	11.02	4.17	12.82	5.64	17.34
Sparse vegetation	9.40	28.86	6.44	19.78	6.04	18.54	0.92	2.82
Water body	0.80	2.46	1.42	4.37	1.63	5.02	2.28	6.99

LULC type	Area growth rate during 1991-2001 (%)	Area growth rate during 2001-2011 (%)	Area growth rate during 2011-2021 (%)
Agricultural land	76.37	-7.79	-60.22
Built-up land	-13.22	48.80	61.25
Dense vegetation	79.02	-35.48	21.68
Fallow land	-47.56	16.36	35.18
Sparse vegetation	-31.47	-6.20	-84.78
Water body	78.09	14.76	39.22

LULC type	Agricultural land (km²)	Built-up land (km²)	Dense vegetation (km²)	Fallow land (km²)	Sparse vegetation (km²)	Water body (km²)	Total area in 1991 (km²)	Area loss (km²)
Agricultural land	0.24	1.99	0.72	0.69	0.06	0.15	3.85	-3.61
Built-up land	0.48	3.29	1.64	1.06	0.41	0.25	7.13	-3.84
Dense vegetation	0.47	2.22	0.26	0.93	0.07	0.59	4.54	-4.28
Fallow land	0.53	2.87	1.79	1.18	0.11	0.36	6.84	-5.66
Sparse vegetation	0.74	4.13	1.72	1.70	0.26	0.85	9.40	-9.14
Water body	0.03	0.35	0.25	0.08	0.01	0.08	0.80	-0.72
Total area in 2021 (km²)	2.49	14.85	6.38	5.64	0.92	2.28
Area gain (km²)	2.25	11.56	6.12	4.46	0.66	2.20

LST (°C)	1991		2001		2011		2021
LST (°C)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)
20.00-25.00	0.41	1.27	0.00	0.00	0.75	2.31	0.00	0.00
25.00-30.00	21.56	66.19	16.68	51.21	19.00	58.33	0.98	3.00
30.00-35.00	10.60	32.53	15.75	48.36	12.82	39.36	16.56	50.84
35.00-40.00	0.00	0.00	0.14	0.43	0.00	0.00	15.04	46.17

	1991
	LST	NDVI	NDBI	NDWI
LST	1.000	-0.017	0.426^**	0.027
NDVI	-0.017	1.000	-0.630^**	-0.949^**
NDBI	0.426^**	-0.630^**	1.000	0.472^**
NDWI	0.027	-0.949^**	0.472^**	1.000
	2001
	LST	NDVI	NDBI	NDWI
LST	1.000	-0.520^**	0.845^**	0.320^**
NDVI	-0.520^**	1.000	-0.653^**	-0.945^**
NDBI	0.845^**	-0.653^**	1.000	0.418^**
NDWI	0.320^**	-0.945^**	0.418^**	1.000
	2011
	LST	NDVI	NDBI	NDWI
LST	1.000	-0.472^**	0.804^**	0.305^**
NDVI	-0.472^**	1.000	-0.576^**	-0.964^**
NDBI	0.804^**	-0.576^**	1.000	0.387^**
NDWI	0.305^**	-0.964^**	0.387^**	1.000
	2021
	LST	NDVI	NDBI	NDWI
LST	1.000	-0.047	0.697^**	-0.132^**
NDVI	-0.047	1.000	-0.385^**	-0.965^**
NDBI	0.697^**	-0.385^**	1.000	0.181^**
NDWI	-0.132^**	-0.965^**	0.181^**	1.000