Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed, Southwest Ethiopia

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2023.04.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices can increase smallholder farmers’ capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems, while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits. Hence, valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts. However, there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments. Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study. The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews, 6 focus group discussions, and 384 households to answer the following questions: (1) what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change? (2) What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices? And (3) which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices? The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties, small-scale irrigation, improved animal husbandry, the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers, and crop rotation with legumes. The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy, while the mitigation goal has trade-offs. The study also indicated that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices; small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals; improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal, a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal, and a trade-off with the mitigation goal; the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals; and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal. These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices. In general, CSA practices are considered indispensable. Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts. The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers. It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions.

Key words: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), Climate change, Synergies, Trade-offs, Productivity, Adaptation, Mitigation, Geshy watershed

Girma TILAHUN, Amare BANTIDER, Desalegn YAYEH. Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed, Southwest Ethiopia[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2023, 4(2): 129-138.

Figures/Tables 7

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Table 1

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CSA practices	CSA practices determined through household survey
Crop management practices	Use of efficient inorganic fertilizers
	Changing planting dates
	Crop rotation with legumes
	Use of organic fertilizers
Field management and climate change mitigation practices	Use of cover crops
	Alley cropping
	Tree planting for windbreak and shelter for crops
	Use of mulching
	Use of briquettes
Farm risk reduction practices	Feed improvement
	Use of improved crop varieties
	Small-scale irrigation
Supplementary income generation practices	Improved animal husbandry
	Apiculture
	Poultry farming
Soil and water conservation practices	Use of grass strip
Soil and water conservation practices	Terraces

CSA practices	Goal of CSA practices
CSA practices	Productivity	Adaptation	Mitigation
Use of improved crop varieties	++	++	++
Small-scale irrigation	++	++	++
Improved animal husbandry	++	++	-
Use of efficient inorganic fertilizers	++	++	+
Crop rotation with legumes	++	+	++