Climatic and non-climatic factors driving the livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers in Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100157

Abstract

Abstract:

Smallholder farmers in Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana, face multiple climatic and non-climatic issues. This study assessed the factors contributing to the livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers in this district by household surveys with 200 respondents and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 10 respondents. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to assess mean annual rainfall and temperature trends from 2002 to 2022. The relative importance index (RII) value was used to rank the climatic and non-climatic factors perceived by respondents. The socioeconomic characteristics affecting smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climatic and non-climatic factors were evaluated by the binary logistic regression model. Results showed that mean annual rainfall decreased (P>0.05) but mean annual temperature significantly increased (P<0.05) from 2002 to 2022 in the district. The key climatic factors perceived by smallholder farmers were extreme heat or increasing temperature (RII=0.498), erratic rainfall (RII=0.485), and increased windstorms (RII=0.475). The critical non-climatic factors were high cost of farm inputs (RII=0.485), high cost of healthcare (RII=0.435), and poor condition of roads to farms (RII=0.415). Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climatic and non-climatic factors were significantly affected by their socioeconomic characteristics (P<0.05). This study concluded that these factors negatively impact the livelihoods and well-being of smallholder farmers and socioeconomic characteristics influence their perceptions of these factors. Therefore, to enhance the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive and context-specific approach that accounts for climatic and non-climatic factors.

Key words: Smallholder farmers, Livelihood vulnerability, Climate change, Socioeconomic characteristics, Food security, Ghana

Frank BAFFOUR-ATA, Louisa BOAKYE, Moses Tilatob GADO, Ellen BOAKYE-YIADOM, Sylvia Cecilia MENSAH, Senyo Michael KWAKU KUMFO, Kofi Prempeh OSEI OWUSU, Emmanuel CARR, Emmanuel DZIKUNU, Patrick DAVIES. Climatic and non-climatic factors driving the livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers in Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2024, 5(3): 100157.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1.

Table 1

Fig. 2.

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Effect of socioeconomic characteristics on smallholder farmers’ perceptions of non-climatic factors."

Socioeconomic characteristic	High cost of farm inputs	High cost of healthcare	Poor condition of roads to farms	Lack of money	Lack of infrastructure	High population	High cost of education	Scarcity of labor	Lack of irrigation facilities
Gender	-1.698	-0.873	-0.150	-0.366	0.065	-0.553	-0.052	-0.265	0.037
Age	-0.973	-0.649	0.177	-0.329	-0.129	-0.858^**	0.135	-0.012	-0.406
Years of living in the community	15.516	0.949	1.063^**	-0.676	-0.147	-0.810^**	-0.328	-0.538	0.129
Origin	-17.386	0.796	0.560	-0.770	-0.087	0.206	-0.272	0.483	-0.435
Household size	2.848	0.261	0.148	-0.002	-0.138	0.402	-0.392	0.656^**	-0.378
Educational level	0.625	0.340	0.836^**	0.335	0.164	-0.424	-0.571	-0.063	-0.193
Marital status	1.736	0.400	0.408	0.169	-0.120	-0.256	-0.672	-0.235	-0.288
Type of farmland tenure system	2.106	0.321	-0.150	0.947^**	-0.310	0.757^**	0.724^**	-0.001	-0.006
Farming experience	2.733	0.250	0.370	0.509	0.134	0.234	-0.145	0.081	0.485^**
Access to agricultural extension services	6.062	-0.314	0.560	1.290^**	0.441	-1.618^**	-0.987	-0.127	-0.333
Access to weather and climate information	0.898	-0.309	0.664	0.607	0.609	-1.181^**	0.499	-0.427	-0.379
Estimated farm income per season	-5.399^**	-0.342	-0.502	-0.304	-0.365	0.478	0.742^**	-0.123	0.810
Membership in an organization	-1.002	0.889	0.168	-0.838	0.023	1.221^**	-0.081	0.909^**	1.685
Estimated farm size	1.042	-0.666	-0.551	-0.410	0.019	-0.558	1.057^**	-0.011	-0.221
Nagelkerke R²	0.675	0.155	0.172	0.223	0.092	0.301	0.237	0.131	0.187
Socioeconomic characteristic	Lack of adequate lands	Limited access to the market	Lack of agricultural equipment	Lack of drinking water	Damage to crops by livestock	Sand mining	Illegal mining	Ill health	Lack of electricity
Gender	0.205	-0.033	0.316	-0.289	-0.756	-0.126	0.073	0.213	0.397
Age	-0.209	-0.054	0.101	-0.037	0.015	0.489	0.129	-0.156	0.398
Years of living in the community	0.756^**	0.321	0.373	-0.401	0.346	-0.284	0.479	0.181	-0.492
Origin	-0.825	0.027	0.988^**	-0.522	0.875	-0.268	-0.295	0.943^**	-0.375
Household size	-0.026	0.246	0.755^**	0.694^**	0.096	-0.382	0.215	0.220	0.189
Educational level	0.417	0.646^**	-0.051	-0.015	-0.131	0.214	0.170	0.743^**	0.333
Marital status	-0.199	0.553	-0.805	0.103	0.967^**	-0.265	-0.253	0.116	-0.565
Type of farmland tenure system	-0.452	-0.549	0.134	0.470	0.243	0.176	0.000	-0.034	0.799
Farming experience	0.047	-0.077	-0.116	-0.213	0.079	-0.018	-0.158	-0.260	-0.081
Access to agricultural extension services	-0.120	-0.543	-0.673	0.342	1.427^**	-0.004	1.433	-0.478	0.241
Access to weather and climate information	1.476^**	2.660^**	1.112^**	-0.322	1.076^**	0.060	0.716	-0.421	1.013^**
Estimated farm income per season	-0.319	-0.532	-0.372	0.984^**	0.989^**	-0.360	-0.330	0.585	0.539
Membership in an organization	-0.213	0.959^**	-0.278	0.791	1.909^**	-0.467	0.507	1.207^**	1.215^**
Estimated farm size	0.195	-0.042	0.423	0.569^**	1.121^**	-0.108	-0.077	0.454	0.060
Nagelkerke R²	0.228	0.347	0.195	0.143	0.328	0.047	0.182	0.149	0.136

Table 5

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Independent variable	Category	Male (n=131)		Female (n=69)		Total sample size (n=200)
Independent variable	Category	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Age	21-40 years old	34	26.0	28	40.6	62	31.0
	41-60 years old	84	64.1	33	47.8	117	58.5
	Above 60 years old	13	9.9	8	11.6	21	10.5
Years of living in the community	Below 5 a	4	3.1	4	5.8	8	4.0
	5-10 a	31	23.7	12	17.4	43	21.5
	Above 10 a	96	73.3	53	76.8	149	74.5
Origin	Native	104	79.4	50	72.5	154	77.0
Origin	Settler	27	20.6	19	27.5	46	23.0
Household size	1-5 persons	36	27.5	21	30.3	57	28.5
	6-10 persons	80	61.1	45	65.2	125	62.5
	11-15 persons	15	11.4	3	4.4	18	9.0
Educational level	Non-formal education	40	30.5	23	33.3	63	31.5
	Primary education	72	55.0	43	62.3	115	57.5
	Secondary school education	19	14.5	3	4.4	22	11.0
Marital status	Single	17	13.0	5	7.2	22	11.0
	Married	106	81.0	58	84.1	164	82.0
	Divorced or separated	8	6.0	6	8.7	14	7.0
Type of farmland tenure system	Rented	22	16.8	9	13.0	31	15.5
	Owned	87	66.4	48	69.6	135	67.5
	Purchased	22	16.8	12	17.4	34	17.0
Farming experience	Less than 5 a	15	11.5	14	20.3	29	14.5
	6-10 a	37	28.2	24	34.8	61	30.5
	11-20 a	30	22.9	17	24.6	47	23.5
	Above 20 a	49	37.4	14	20.3	63	31.5
Access to agricultural extension services		110	84.0	41	59.4	151	75.5
Access to climate and weather information		51	39.0	17	24.6	68	34.0
Estimated farm income per season	<65.15 USD/season	5	3.8	11	16.0	16	8.0
	65.15-129.20 USD/season	16	12.2	18	26.1	34	17.0
	>129.20 USD/season	110	84.0	40	58.0	150	75.0
Membership in an organization		90	68.7	36	52.2	126	63.0
Estimated farm size	<2 hm²	29	22.1	33	47.8	62	31.0
	2-4 hm²	61	46.6	22	31.9	83	41.5
	>4 hm²	41	31.3	14	20.3	55	27.5

Climatic factor	Male (n=131)		Female (n=69)		Total sample size (n=200)		RII	Rank
Climatic factor	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Frequency	Percentage (%)	RII	Rank
Extreme heat or increasing temperature	130	99.2	69	100.0	199	99.5	0.498	1
Erratic rainfall	129	98.5	65	94.2	194	97.0	0.485	2
Increased windstorms	125	95.4	65	94.2	190	95.0	0.475	3
Drought or dry period	127	97.0	61	88.4	188	94.0	0.470	4
Reducing rainfall	109	83.2	58	84.1	167	83.5	0.418	5
Decreased air quality	113	86.3	50	72.5	163	81.5	0.408	6
Increased incidence of floods	97	74.0	38	55.1	135	67.5	0.338	7
Increasing rainfall	38	29.0	33	47.8	71	35.5	0.178	8
Lack of rainfall	17	13.0	8	11.6	25	12.5	0.063	9
Low temperature	7	5.3	7	10.1	14	7.0	0.035	10

Socioeconomic characteristic	Extreme heat or increasing temperature	Erratic rainfall	Increased windstorms	Drought or dry period	Reducing rainfall	Decreased air quality	Increased incidence of floods	Increasing rainfall	Lack of rainfall	Lower temperature
Gender	-5.313	1.416	0.277	1.064	0.324	0.568	0.541	-1.348^**	0.129	-1.214
Age	7.773^**	2.931^**	-0.429	0.475	0.562	0.433	0.823^**	-1.186^**	0.333	-0.983
Years of living in the community	-2.005^**	-1.200	0.844	1.050	-0.883^**	1.035	0.130	0.682	-1.450^**	-0.268
Origin	-8.417	-0.413	-2.104	0.775	-0.277	0.188	-0.808	1.099^**	0.286	-0.540
Household size	0.962	-1.029	-1.288	-0.474	-0.007	-0.128	-0.413	0.179	-0.502	-1.229
Educational level	-4.638	-1.318	1.717	-0.127	0.376	0.706	0.529	0.139	-0.919^**	-0.524
Marital status	-9.394	-1.874	1.221	-0.615	-0.598	0.113	0.369	0.595	-0.409	-2.722^**
Type of farmland tenure system	11.022	0.121	-0.071	-0.728	-0.447	-0.513	0.435	0.977^**	-0.024	0.908
Farming experience	-4.276^**	-1.042	-0.590	0.045	-0.195	0.005	-0.210	0.159	0.162	0.186
Access to agricultural extension services	-18.227	-0.011	1.364	0.017	0.676	0.669	1.745^**	-0.276	-2.017^**	-1.203
Access to weather and climate information	5.893^**	-1.945	-0.872	0.078	-0.885	1.863^**	-0.174	-0.133	-1.135^**	-1.838
Estimated farm income per season	-10.215	0.312	-0.480	-0.693	0.459	-0.770	-0.078	-0.546	-0.426	1.899^**
Membership in an organization	1.711	0.558	1.201	0.199	0.871	0.067	-0.361	-0.949^**	1.215	5.233^**
Estimated farm size	-1.514	-1.317	1.509^**	-0.366	0.448	0.656	-0.415	-0.356	1.062^**	-1.304^**
Nagelkerke R²	0.381	0.378	0.333	0.219	0.164	0.273	0.277	0.311	0.362	0.372