Traditional agroecological knowledge and practices: The drivers and opportunities for adaptation actions in the northern region of Ghana

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2022.11.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Agroecological practices are promoted as a more proactive approach than conventional agriculture to achieving a collective global response to climate change and variability while building robust and resilient agricultural systems to meet food needs and protect the integrity of ecosystems. There is relatively limited evidence on the key traditional agroecological knowledge and practices adopted by smallholder farmers, the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt these practices, and the opportunities it presents for building resilient agricultural systems. Using a multi-scale mixed method approach, we conducted key informant interviews (n=12), focus group discussions (n=5), and questionnaire surveys (N=220) to explore the traditional agroecological knowledge and practices, the influencing factors, and the opportunities smallholder farmers presented for achieving resilient agricultural systems. Our findings suggest that smallholder farmers employ a suite of traditional agroecological knowledge and practices to enhance food security, combat climate change, and build resilient agricultural systems. The most important traditional agroecological knowledge and practices in the study area comprise cultivating leguminous crops, mixed crop-livestock systems, and crop rotation, with Relative Importance Index (RII) values of 0.710, 0.708, and 0.695, respectively. It is reported that the choice of these practices by smallholder farmers is influenced by their own farming experience, access to market, access to local resources, information, and expertise, and the perceived risk of climate change. Moreover, the results further show that improving household food security and nutrition, improving soil quality, control of pest and disease infestation, and support from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and local authorities are opportunities for smallholder farmers in adopting traditional agroecological knowledge and practices for achieving resilient agricultural systems. The findings call into question the need for stakeholders and policy-makers at all levels to develop capacity and increase the awareness of traditional agroecological knowledge and practices as mechanisms to ensure resilient agricultural systems for sustainable food security.

Key words: Climate change, Food security, Adaptation actions Traditional agroecological knowledge and practices, Resilient agricultural systems

Enoch YELELIERE, Thomas YEBOAH, Philip ANTWI-AGYEI, Prince PEPRAH. Traditional agroecological knowledge and practices: The drivers and opportunities for adaptation actions in the northern region of Ghana[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2022, 3(4): 294-308.

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Characteristic	Classification	Gender				Total		Significance of P-value
		Male		Female		Total
		Number	Percentage (%)	Number	Percentage (%)	Number	Percentage (%)
Age	30-40 years old	42	28.6	33	45.2	75	34.1	NS
	41-50 years old	58	39.5	26	35.6	84	38.2	NS
	51-60 years old	37	25.2	10	13.7	47	21.4	NS
	61-70 years old	7	4.8	4	5.5	11	5.0	NS
	71-80 years old	3	2.0	0	0.0	3	1.4	NS
Household size	2-10	132	89.8	60	82.2	192	87.3	NS
	11-15	11	7.5	12	16.4	23	10.5	NS
	16-20	4	2.7	1	1.4	5	2.3	NS
Marital status	Married	107	72.8	55	75.3	162	73.6	NS
	Divorced	16	10.9	4	5.5	20	9.1	NS
	Single	13	8.8	7	9.6	20	9.1	NS
	Separated	9	6.1	7	9.6	16	7.3	NS
	Widowed	2	1.4	0	0.0	2	1.0	NS
Type of family	Polygamous	80	54.4	36	49.3	116	52.7	NS
Type of family	Monogamous	67	45.6	37	50.7	104	47.3	NS
Educational attainment	No formal education	96	65.3	46	63.0	142	64.5	NS
	Basic school	11	7.5	10	13.7	21	9.5	NS
	Junior high school	14	9.5	11	15.1	25	11.4	NS
	Senior high school	13	8.8	4	5.5	17	7.7	NS
	Tertiary education	13	8.8	2	2.7	15	6.8	NS
Farming experience	5-10 years	6	4.1	3	4.1	9	4.1	NS
	10-15 years	16	10.9	13	17.8	29	13.2	NS
	≥15 years	125	85.0	57	78.1	182	82.7	NS

Factors	B	SE	Wald	df	P-value	Exp(B)
Farming experience	0.730	0.319	5.252	1	0.022	2.075
Household farm size	-0.428	0.161	7.043	1	0.008	0.652
Access to credit	-1.395	0.434	10.344	1	0.001	0.248
Access to market	0.970	0.381	6.491	1	0.011	2.637
Availability of labour	0.411	0.481	0.729	1	0.393	1.508
Access to climate information or services	-0.501	0.698	0.516	1	0.472	0.606
Access to extension service	-0.710	0.542	1.715	1	0.190	0.492
Access to local resources, information, and expertise	4.235	1.332	10.110	1	0.001	69.055
Ancestral inheritance	0.549	1.852	0.088	1	0.767	1.731
Technical competence of smallholder farmers in traditional agroecological knowledge and practices	1.016	0.612	2.755	1	0.097	2.762
The severity of climate change	-2.889	1.357	4.534	1	0.033	0.056
The perceived risk of climate change	1.650	0.763	4.681	1	0.031	5.206
Evidence of the success of traditional agroecological knowledge and practices	-0.392	0.727	0.290	1	0.590	0.676
Low-cost alternative and easy to adopt and implement	-2.093	1.248	2.811	1	0.094	0.123
Constant	-1.624	2.778	0.342	1	0.559	0.197
-2log(likelihood)	219.717
Nagelkerke R square	0.376
Chi-square	4.992
Hosmer and Lemeshow test significance	0.758
Significance	0.0001

Opportunity	Scores					WAI	Rank
Opportunity	Strongly disagree (1)	Disagree (2)	Neither agree nor disagree (3)	Agree (4)	Strongly agree (5)	WAI	Rank
Improving household food security and nutrition	9	36	99	244	495	4.01	1
Increasing crop yields and household income	11	50	90	240	470	3.91	2
Combating the adverse impact of climate extreme climate events like drought and floods on agricultural systems	14	46	87	244	465	3.89	3
Improving soil quality	16	58	78	232	455	3.81	4
Availability of local resources, land ownership, and tenure system	27	20	111	236	435	3.77	5
Control of pest and disease infestation	33	34	93	192	455	3.67	6
Support from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and local authorities	42	44	54	244	385	3.50	7