Combined adoption decisions of climate-smart agriculture and their impacts on maize yield in western Ethiopia

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100280

Abstract

Abstract:

Households in western Ethiopia are experiencing food insecurity driven by the effects of climate change. Hence, there is an opportunity to lessen the consequences of climate change by adopting climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The study involved 385 households from western Ethiopia during the 2023-2024 production period. Specifically, we examined the variables that affect adoption decisions and investigated how the combined adoption of CSA practices affects maize yield. The multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model was used to analyze these factors. The results showed that the adoption of CSA practices is positively impacted by age, gender, farm size, and education, but the distances from the household residence to market and plot have a negative impact. Adopters of CSA practices achieved a greater average yield per hectare than the non-adopters. Specifically, agroforestry, crop diversification, and adjusted planting dates all considerably increased maize yield, with gains of 0.21, 0.70, and 0.52 t/hm², respectively, compared to non-adoption. The implementation of combined CSA practices, rather than a single CSA practice, is a great way to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, we recommend ensuring adequate funding, providing incentives, facilitating technical assistance, and fostering community involvement when implementing combined CSA practices. This information is essential for reducing the negative consequences of climate change and developing successful adaptation strategies.

Key words: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), Adjusted planting dates, Agroforestry, Crop diversification, Maize yield, Climate change, Food insecurity

Yadeta BEDASA, Adeba GEMECHU, Amsalu BEDEMO. Combined adoption decisions of climate-smart agriculture and their impacts on maize yield in western Ethiopia[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2025, 6(6): 100280.

Figures/Tables 6

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References 72

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Variable	Definition	Unit
Maize yield	Total amount of maize yield obtained	t/hm²
Age	Age of household head	years
Gender	Gender of household head	-
Education	Educational level of household head	-
Farm size	Total area under cultivation for all crops	hm²
Distance to market	Distance from household residence to market	km
Distance to plot	Distance from household residence to plot	km
Extension contact frequency	Frequency of contact with extension agents	-
Credit utilization	Access to credit among household heads	-
Livestock ownership	Livestock ownership of household head	tropical livestock unit (TLU)
Family size	Total number of individuals living in the same household	man equivalent unit (MEU)

Choice	CSA package	Adjusted planting dates		Crop diversification		Agroforestry		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Choice	CSA package	A₀	A₁	C₀	C₁	Af₀	Af₁	Frequency	Percentage (%)
0	A₀C₀Af₀	√		√		√		14	3.64
1	A₁C₀Af₀		√	√		√		15	3.90
2	A₀C₁Af₀	√			√	√		40	10.39
3	A₀C₀Af₁	√		√			√	21	5.45
4	A₁C₁Af₀		√		√	√		77	20.00
5	A₁C₀Af₁		√	√			√	28	7.27
6	A₀C₁Af₁	√		√			√	23	5.97
7	A₁C₁Af₁		√		√		√	167	43.38

Variable	Non-adopters	Adopters							Overall
Variable	A₀C₀Af₀	A₁C₀Af₀	A₀C₁Af₀	A₀C₀Af₁	A₁C₁Af₀	A₁C₀Af₁	A₀C₁Af₁	A₁C₁Af₁	Overall
Maize yield	1.60	2.29^***	1.82^***	2.13^***	3.68^***	4.65^***	2.51^***	7.274^***	4.83
Age	38.57	49.47^***	56.32^***	53.38^***	47.79^***	37.75	40.57	44.56^***	46.15
Gender	0.57	0.93^**	0.85^**	0.86^*	0.79^*	0.93^***	0.91^*	0.98^***	0.89
Education	1.71	6.13^***	1.00^*	3.29^**	3.64^**	5.07^***	4.35^*	6.24^***	5.46
Farm size	1.39	5.07^***	6.76^***	6.38^***	4.74^***	1.45	2.70^*	2.44^*	2.10
Distance to market	76.43	70.67	79.88	77.86	78.38	47.28^***	65.65	59.60^**	66.97
Distance to plot	27.14	14.33^**	25.00	27.86	20.13^*	16.07^**	22.61	15.00^***	17.74
Extension contact frequency	1.43	2.27^***	1.90	2.33^***	2.08^**	2.21^**	2.17^**	2.58^***	2.62
Credit utilization	0.21	0.33	0.38	0.29	0.25	0.36	0.43	0.55^**	0.41
Livestock ownership	11.63	8.52^*	10.96	9.93	10.34	8.54^*	9.38	7.62^***	11.36
Family size	3.71	4.13	4.09	4.43	4.51^*	4.17	4.29	4.37	4.32

Dummy variable	Description	Percentage (%)
Credit utilization	Household had access to credit	28.83
Credit utilization	Otherwise	71.17
Nonfarm activity	Household participated in nonfarm activities	47.79
Nonfarm activity	Otherwise	52.21
Training	Household participated in agricultural training	99.22
Training	Otherwise	0.78
Climate information	Household received climate information	99.22
Climate information	Otherwise	0.78
Gender of household head	Male	89.09
Gender of household head	Female	10.91
Soil fertility	Household reported fertile soil	6.49
Soil fertility	Otherwise	93.51

Variable	A₁C₀Af₀	A₀C₁Af₀	A₀C₀Af₁	A₁C₁Af₀	A₁C₀Af₁	A₀C₁Af₁	A₁C₁Af₁
Age	0.147^* (0.078)	0.186^*** (0.083)	0.145^** (0.057)	0.074 (0.052)	0.026 (0.056)	0.030 (0.055)	0.149^*** (0.055)
Gender	3.039^* (1.603)	2.109^* (1.083)	2.268^* (1.194)	1.615^* (0.942)	2.607^** (1.088)	2.342^** (1.133)	4.528^*** (1.062)
Education	0.599^*** (0.151)	-0.287^* (0.151)	0.177 (0.152)	0.200^* (0.116)	0.299^*** (0.113)	0.253^** (0.135)	0.722^*** (0.117)
Farm size	0.400^* (0.214)	0.695^*** (0.205)	0.660^*** (0.188)	0.480^*** (0.166)	-0.267 (0.221)	0.139 (0.178)	-0.219 (0.193)
Distance to market	-0.017 (0.015)	-0.018 (0.014)	-0.015 (0.014)	-0.011 (0.013)	-0.051^*** (0.015)	-0.021 (0.015)	-0.028^** (0.013)
Distance to plot	-0.094^*** (0.033)	-0.039^* (0.022)	-0.019 (0.024)	-0.051^** (0.020)	-0.055^*** (0.025)	-0.022 (0.023)	-0.063^*** (0.022)
Extension contact frequency	0.533 (0.960)	1.072 (0.879)	1.582^* (0.881)	0.978 (0.819)	1.105 (0.839)	1.086 (0.837)	1.797^** (0.839)
Credit utilization	0.087 (1.095)	0.319 (1.021)	0.106 (1.065)	-0.026 (0.912)	0.969 (1.002)	1.026 (0.967)	1.504 (0.923)
Livestock ownership	0.106 (0.169)	0.145 (0.149)	0.253^* (0.146)	0.178 (0.131)	0.088 (0.140)	0.121 (0.145)	0.232^* (0.138)
Family size	0.463 (0.362)	0.592^* (0.329)	0.698^** (0.341)	0.672^** (0.310)	0.452 (0.331)	0.528 (0.338)	0.546^* (0.314)
Constant	-13.179^*** (4.941)	-15.368^*** (5.120)	-17.888^*** (4.121)	-8.835^** (3.461)	-3.374 (3.553)	-7.026^* (3.679)	-15.593^*** (3.716)