Fig. 1.

Methodological framework of this study. FDGs, focus group discussions; KIIs, key informant interviews; PCI, precipitation concentration index; SRAI, standardized rainfall anomaly index; SRDI, the Soil Resources Development Institute."

Fig. 2.

Change in main occupation of respondents."

Fig. 3.

Farmers’ perception of temperature. Farmers’ perceptions of warmer summers and colder winters—by intensity level (classified as very high, high, moderate, low, and very low)—are presented as percentages."

Table 1

Trend analysis of temperature using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s slope estimator."

Fig. 4.

Farmers’ perception of precipitation. Very high, high, moderate, low, and very low in the legend represent the degree of perceived change in precipitation."

Table 2

Trend analysis of precipitation using the MK test and Sen’s slope estimator in Bagerhat."

Fig. 5.

Farmers’ perception of flood and drought risks. Intensity levels were categorized as very high, high, moderate, low, and very low, indicating the degree of perceived risk associated with flood and drought."

Table 3

Summary of precipitation concentration index (PCI) and standardized rainfall anomaly index (SRAI) from 1991 to 2020."

Fig. 6.

Production of traditional Aus rice and high-yielding Aus rice in Bagerhat from 2011 to 2019. The data were from the Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics (BBS, 2020)."

Fig. 7.

Suitability of Aus rice in different upazilas of Bagerhat. Very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable in the legend represent the degree of agroecological suitability for Aus rice cultivation. The data were from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council at http://www.barc.gov.bd."

Fig. 8.

Production of Aman rice (including Broadcast Aman rice, Local Transplant Aman rice, and high-yielding Aman rice) in Bagerhat from 2011 to 2019. The data were from the Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics (BBS, 2020)."

Fig. 9.

Suitability of Aman rice in different upazilas of Bagerhat. Very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable in the legend represent the degree of agroecological suitability for Aman rice cultivation. The data were from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council at http://www.barc.gov.bd."

Fig. 10.

Production of Boro rice (including local Boro rice, high-yielding Boro rice, and hybrid Boro rice) in Bagerhat from 2011 to 2019. The data were from the Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics (BBS, 2020)."

Fig. 11.

Suitability of Boro rice in different upazilas of Bagerhat. Very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable in the legend represent the degree of agroecological suitability for Boro rice cultivation. The data were from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council at http://www.barc.gov.bd."

Fig. 12.

Farmers’ perception of soil salinity. Very high, high, moderate, low, and very low in the legend represent the degree of perceived soil salinity."

Fig. 13.

Temporal changes in soil salinity-affected area by salinity class (S1-S4) in Bagerhat. The data were from the Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI, 2010)."

Fig. 14.

Predicted soil salinity in different upazilas of Bagerhat for 2050. The data were from Dasgupta et al. (2014)."

Fig. 15.

Farmers’ perception of problems in agricultural production. Very high, high, moderate, low, and very low in the legend represent the degree of severity perceived by farmers."

Fig. 16.

Farmers’ perception of the effectiveness of adaptation measures. Very high, high, moderate, low, and very low in the legend represent perceived effectiveness of adaptation measures."