Trade-offs and synergies of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2021.05.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Climate change adaptation strategies provide a cushion for smallholder farmers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa against the risks posed by climate hazards such as droughts and floods. However, the decision-making process in climate adaptation is complex. To better understand the dynamics of the process, we strive to answer this question: what are the potential trade-offs and synergies related to decision-making and implementation of climate adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa region? A systematic literature review methodology was used through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement with the four-stage inclusion/exclusion criteria to identify the literature from selected databases (Scopus and Google Scholar). The climate adaptation strategies are organized into five broad categories (crop management, risk management, soil/land management, water management, and livestock management strategies). Evidence suggests that potential trade-offs may arise concerning added costs, additional labor requirements, and competition among objectives or available resources. The synergies, on the other hand, arise from implementing two or more adaptation strategies concurrently in respect of increased productivity, resilience, yield stability, sustainability, and environmental protection. Trade-offs and synergies may also differ among the various adaptation strategies with minimum/zero tillage, comparatively, presenting more trade-offs. The development and promotion of low-cost adaptation strategies and complementary climate adaptation options that minimize the trade-offs and maximize the synergies are suggested. Skills and knowledge on proper implementation of climate change adaptation strategies are encouraged, especially at the local farm level.

Key words: Climate change, Adaptation strategy, Trade-offs, Synergies, Sub-Saharan Africa

Devinia Princess AKINYI, Stanley Karanja NG’ANG’A, Evan GIRVETZ. Trade-offs and synergies of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(2): 130-143.

Figures/Tables 2

Fig. 1.

Table 1

Characteristics of adaptation strategies in reviewed literature."

Broad category	Specific adaptation strategy	Study area	Source
Crop management	Introduction of new crop varieties	Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Ghana, Benin, and SSA	Lasco et al. (2005); Webber et al. (2014); Segnon et al. (2015); Sanou et al. (2016); Lankoski et al. (2018); Williams et al. (2018); Hansen et al. (2019); Loboguerrero et al. (2019); Maredia et al. (2019); Brocke et al. (2020)
	Crop rotation	Ethiopia, Ghana, Benin, Kenya, Malawi, Togo, Nigeria, and SSA	Rosenzweig and Tubiello (2007); Segnon et al. (2015); Debaeke et al. (2017); Njeru (2018); Agula et al. (2019); Asmare et al. (2019); Hansen et al. (2019)
	Intercropping	Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin, and Kenya	Segnon et al. (2015); Sanou et al. (2016); Agula et al. (2019); Nassary et al. (2020)
Risk management	Index-based insurance	Burkina Faso, Togo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania	Agula et al. (2018); Fonta et al. (2018); Asmare et al. (2019); Hansen et al. (2019); Loboguerrero et al. (2019); Teklewold et al. (2019); Ali et al. (2020); Brocke et al. (2020); Wiréhn et al. (2020)
Soil/land management	Minimum/zero tillage	Kenya, Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania	Rosenzweig and Tubiello (2007); Beddington et al. (2012); Vermeulen et al. (2012); Rhodes et al. (2014); Ward et al. (2016); Kiboi et al. (2017); Agula et al. (2018); Fonta et al. (2018); Lankoski et al. (2018); Peter (2018); Totin et al. (2018)
	Mulching	Ghana, Kenya, Zimbabwe, West Africa, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Burkina Faso	Beddington et al. (2012); Homann-Kee Tui et al. (2015); Wainaina et al. (2016); Ward et al. (2016); Debaeke et al. (2017); Kiboi et al. (2017); Agula et al. (2018); Peter (2018); Zougmoré et al. (2018)
	Agroforestry	Malawi, Nigeria, Kenya, and Benin	Franzel et al. (2011); Beedy et al. (2014); Homann-Kee Tui et al. (2015); Teklewold et al. (2017); Toth et al. (2017); Loboguerrero et al. (2019); Rhodes and Atewamba (2019)
	Half-moons and Zaï pits	West Africa and Kenya	Zougmore (2018)
	Stone/soil/vegetation bunds	Kenya, Ghana, West Africa, and Ethiopia	Wainaina et al. (2016); Asrat and Simane (2017); Lankoski et al. (2018); Tarfasa et al. (2018); Wolka et al. (2018); Zougmore (2018); Ahiale et al. (2019)
	Mineral fertilizer and/or manure	Kenya, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi	Franzel et al. (2011); Homann-Kee Tui et al. (2015); Wainaina et al. (2016); Olubode et al. (2018); Tongwane and Moeletsi (2018); Teklewold et al. (2019); Cedrez et al. (2020); Kurgat et al. (2020)
Water management	Water storage or water harvesting	Kenya and SSA	Recha et al. (2016); Hölscher et al. (2017); Lankoski et al. (2018); Oremo et al. (2021)
Water management	Irrigation	Nigeria, Kenya, Togo, Ethiopia, and SSA	Suckall et al. (2014); Gadédjisso-Tossou et al. (2018); Mabhaudhi et al. (2018); Njoroge et al. (2018); Olubode et al. (2018); Tarfa et al. (2019); Kurgat et al. (2020)
Livestock management	Breeding of climate-tolerant species, matching stocking rates to pasture production and pasture rotation, changing animal feeds, livestock insurance, uptake of animal health services, and improvement of animal husbandry	Malawi, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Nigeria, West Africa, and SSA	Descheemaeker et al. (2016); Wainaina et al. (2016); Bjornlund et al. (2017); Lankoski et al. (2018); Loboguerrero et al. (2019); Wiréhn et al. (2020)

Table 1

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