Characteristics and drivers of the soil multifunctionality under different land use and land cover types in the drylands of China

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100162

Abstract

Abstract:

The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10⁶ km² and are home to approximately 5.8×10⁸ people, providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development. However, dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes significantly impact soil structure and function, thus affecting the soil multifunctionality (SMF). However, the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center. We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types (including forest, grassland, shrubland, and desert) and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes. The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order: forest, grassland, shrubland, and desert. The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature (MAT). In addition to MAT, pH in forest, soil moisture (SM) and soil biodiversity index in grassland, SM in shrubland, and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes. Therefore, the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH, and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes. The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.

Key words: Soil multifunctionality (SMF), Land use and land cover (LULC) changes, Structural equation modeling (SEM), Climate change, Dryland ecosystems

SONG Boyi, ZHANG Shihang, LU Yongxing, GUO Hao, GUO Xing, WANG Mingming, ZHANG Yuanming, ZHOU Xiaobing, ZHUANG Weiwei. Characteristics and drivers of the soil multifunctionality under different land use and land cover types in the drylands of China[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2024, 5(3): 100162.

Figures/Tables 7

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	Soil organic carbon (SOC)	Total nitrogen (TN)	Total phosphorus (TP)	Total potassium (TK)	SOC:TN	SOC:TP	TN: TP	Available nitrogen (AN)	Available phosphorus (AP)	Available potassium (AK)	AN:AP
MF1	0.82^**	0.96^**	0.56^**	0.69^**	0.91^**	0.43^*	0.53^**	0.78^**	0.57^**	0.59^**	0.77^**
MF2	0.77^**	0.83^**	0.61^**	0.75^**	0.84^**	0.51^**	0.55^**	0.66^**	0.76^**	0.62^**	0.90^**

LULC type	Parameter	SOC (g/kg)	TN (g/kg)	TP (g/kg)	TK (g/kg)	AN (mg/kg)	AP (mg/kg)	AK (mg/kg)	pH	NDVI	MAP (mm)	MAT (°C)	AI
Forest	Mean	8.12	0.41	0.53	2.01	190.16	8.53	157.41	6.71	0.36	550.12	7.09	0.41
	Min	5.53	0.26	0.33	1.72	83.34	4.59	49.36	4.41	0.31	125.16	-4.33	0.28
	Max	27.27	1.08	0.69	2.65	518.69	15.01	277.13	8.51	0.41	985.71	15.33	0.65
	SD	5.99	1.12	0.42	0.25	143.29	4.13	69.89	0.92	0.11	238.84	5.99	0.11
	CV	0.74	2.73	0.79	0.12	0.75	0.48	0.44	0.14	0.31	0.43	0.84	0.27
Grassland	Mean	8.05	0.43	0.59	2.12	188.72	8.72	147.39	6.06	0.28	514.77	6.44	0.33
	Min	4.98	0.17	0.29	1.17	79.88	5.51	54.12	3.70	0.22	110.98	-5.13	0.18
	Max	22.18	1.12	0.77	2.71	534.90	14.98	285.56	8.81	0.34	996.75	16.12	0.59
	SD	6.16	0.93	0.37	0.27	161.25	4.04	71.18	1.01	0.10	229.26	4.57	0.13
	CV	0.77	2.16	0.63	0.13	0.85	0.46	0.48	0.17	0.36	0.45	0.71	0.39
Shrubland	Mean	6.61	0.38	0.47	1.88	175.16	6.83	162.38	7.05	0.25	389.41	6.18	0.45
	Min	4.45	0.29	0.31	1.53	66.37	13.37	55.36	4.92	0.17	155.74	-4.49	0.22
	Max	25.69	0.92	0.65	2.77	451.13	15.07	343.39	8.63	0.28	885.14	14.54	0.61
	SD	5.28	0.96	0.49	0.23	144.57	3.98	62.58	0.79	0.08	213..63	3.93	0.16
	CV	0.80	2.53	1.04	0.12	0.83	0.58	0.39	0.11	0.32	0.55	0.64	0.36
Desert	Mean	2.18	0.13	0.32	1.84	25.19	5.11	144.72	8.13	0.04	120.15	3.61	0.13
	Min	0.15	0.02	0.23	1.68	10.02	1.35	42.11	6.99	0.01	7.87	-11.00	0.01
	Max	6.93	0.52	0.41	2.53	87.55	7.78	205.95	9.00	0.08	212.36	19.93	0.22
	SD	2.58	0.58	0.22	0.19	58.14	3.93	59.96	0.35	0.02	189.16	6.89	0.09
	CV	1.18	4.46	0.69	0.10	2.31	0.77	0.41	0.04	0.50	1.57	1.91	0.69

LULC type	NDVI	pH	SM	SBI	MAT	AI
Forest	0.356^***	-0.297^**	0.145	0.279^**	-0.682^**	0.243^**
Grassland	0.214^**	0.143	0.347^**	0.326^**	-0.650^***	0.399^***
Shrubland	0.150	-0.432^***	0.480^***	0.381^***	-0.428^***	0.117
Desert	0.091	-0.386^***	0.231^**	0.469^***	-0.368^***	0.586^***