Regional Sustainability ›› 2021, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (3): 224-238.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2021.11.003
• Full Length Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Morteza SALMANI SABZEVARa, Amirreza REZAEIa,*(), Bagher KHALEGHIb
Received:
2020-04-28
Revised:
2021-08-05
Accepted:
2021-11-05
Online:
2021-07-30
Published:
2021-12-24
Contact:
Amirreza REZAEI
E-mail:abrezaei@ut.ac.ir
Morteza SALMANI SABZEVAR, Amirreza REZAEI, Bagher KHALEGHI. Incremental adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under water scarcity condition in Northeast Iran[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(3): 224-238.
Table 1
Effective factors on the application of incremental adaptation strategies in encountering water scarcity crisis."
Effective factor | Reference |
---|---|
Concern | |
Perception | |
Knowledge | |
Attitude | |
Internal norm | |
Technical skill | |
Self-efficiency | |
Social capital | |
Access to information | |
Risk-taking |
Table 2
Prioritizing variables of incremental adaptation strategies among farmers."
Latent variable | Index on the model | Question | Mean | Standard deviation | Coefficient of variation | Priority |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incremental adaptation strategies | ST1 | I have increased the area of lands under cultivation. | 2.245 | 1.714 | 0.763 | 3 |
ST2 | I have managed runoff and seasonal floods and utilized them. | 1.771 | 1.356 | 0.765 | 4 | |
ST3 | I have utilized new irrigation techniques (drip and sprinkler). | 1.612 | 1.412 | 0.875 | 6 | |
ST4 | I have purchased irrigation water. | 3.571 | 1.594 | 0.446 | 1 | |
ST5 | I have purchased a water share. | 3.102 | 1.686 | 0.543 | 2 | |
ST6 | I have increased the water sources of farmlands. | 1.673 | 1.463 | 0.874 | 5 |
Table 4
Fornell-Larcker criterion for assessing to the discriminant validity of incremental adaptation strategies among farmers."
Access to information | Attitude | Concern | Knowledge | Perception | Risk-taking | Self-efficiency | Social capital | Internal norm | Technical skill | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access to information | 0.729 | |||||||||
Attitude | 0.323 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Concern | 0.091 | 0.299 | 1.000 | |||||||
Knowledge | 0.176 | -0.156 | 0.063 | 0.709 | ||||||
Perception | -0.049 | 0.134 | 0.110 | -0.330 | 0.669 | |||||
Risk-taking | 0.284 | -0.111 | -0.178 | 0.410 | -0.074 | 1.000 | ||||
Self-efficiency | 0.522 | 0.209 | -0.021 | 0.196 | -0.048 | 0.631 | 1.000 | |||
Social capital | 0.407 | 0.251 | 0.038 | 0.182 | -0.033 | 0.495 | 0.613 | 0.583 | ||
Internal norm | 0.236 | 0.261 | 0.071 | 0.064 | -0.076 | 0.166 | 0.468 | 0.430 | 1.000 | |
Technical skill | 0.094 | -0.193 | -0.011 | 0.631 | -0.159 | 0.298 | 0.227 | 0.122 | 0.264 | 0.686 |
[1] | Adger, W.N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., et al., 2009. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Clim. Change. 93(3-4), 335-354. |
[2] | Alimohamadi, R., 2002. Water crisis and the ways to cope with it in Iranian ggriculture. Agricultural Aridity and Drought Journal. 6, 58-66. |
[3] | American Public Health Association, 2008. Annual Meeting Program Highlights.[2020-11-14]. http://www.apha.org/meetings/highlights. |
[4] |
Arbuckle, J.G., Morton, L.W., Hobbs, J., 2013. Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation: evidence from Iowa. Clim. Change. 118(3-4), 551-563.
doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0700-0 |
[5] | Asante, S.K., 2012. Empowering farming communities in northern Ghana with strategic innovations and productive resources in dryland farming. In: Technical Progress Report of Project 6 of the Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2004-2005. Burkina Faso. |
[6] | Babran, S., Honarbakhsh, N., 2008. Water crisis in the world and Iran. Strategy. 48, 193-212 (in Persian). |
[7] |
Barnett, J., 2001. Adapting to climate change in Pacific Island countries: the problem of uncertainty. World Dev. 29(6), 977-993.
doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00022-5 |
[8] | Below, T.B., Mutabazi, K.D., Kirschke, D., et al., 2012. Can farmers’ adaptation to climate change be explained by socio-economic household-level variables? Glob. Environ. Change. 22(1), 223-235. |
[9] |
Bryan, E., Deressa, T.T., Gbetibouo, G.A., et al., 2009. Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environ. Sci. Policy. 12(4), 413-426.
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2008.11.002 |
[10] |
Bryan, E., Ringler, C., Okoba, B., et al., 2013. Adapting agriculture to climate change in Kenya: household strategies and determinants. J. Environ. Manag. 114, 26-35.
doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.036 |
[11] |
Campbell, D., Barker, D., McGregor, D., 2011. Dealing with drought: Small farmers and environmental hazards in southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Appl. Geogr. 31(1), 146-158.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.03.007 |
[12] |
Cochran, W.G., 1963. Methodological problems in the study of human populations. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 107(2), 476-489.
doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13293.x |
[13] |
Cronbach, L.J., 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 16(3), 297-334.
doi: 10.1007/BF02310555 |
[14] |
Dang, H.L., Li, E., Nuberg, I., et al., 2014. Understanding farmers’ adaptation intention to climate change: A structural equation modelling study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environ. Sci. Policy. 41, 11-22.
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.04.002 |
[15] | de la Riva, M.V., Lindner, A., Pretzsch, J., 2013. Assessing adaptation-Climate change and indigenous livelihood in the Andes of Bolivia. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. 114(2), 109-122. |
[16] |
Deressa, T.T., Hassan, R.M., Ringler, C., et al., 2009. Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Glob. Environ. Change. 19(2), 248-255.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.002 |
[17] |
Gandure, S., Walker, S., Botha, J.J., 2013. Farmers’ perceptions of adaptation to climate change and water stress in a South African rural community. Environ. Dev. 5, 39-53.
doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.004 |
[18] | Ghobadi, S., Chizari, M., Sedeghi, H., 2016. The analysis of farmer’s behaviour and strategies in dealing with drought (the case study: Kermanshah Township). Regional Planning. 6(21), 143-154. |
[19] | Giordano, M., 2007. Agricultural water policy in China: challenges, issues, and options. Water Policy. 9(Suppl. 1), 1-9. |
[20] |
Grothmann, T., Patt, A., 2005. Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Glob. Environ. Change. 15(3), 199-213.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002 |
[21] | Hassan, R., Nhemachena, C., 2008. Determinants of African farmers’ strategies for adapting to climate change: Multinomial choice analysis. Afr. J. Agric. Resour. Econ.-AFJARE. 2(1), 83-104. |
[22] |
Howden, S.M., Soussana, J.F., Tubiello, F.N., et al., 2007. Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104(50), 19691-19696.
pmid: 18077402 |
[23] | Iglesias, A., Avis, K., Benzie, M., et al., 2007. Adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector AGRI-2006-G4-05. In: AEA Energy & Environment and Universidad de Politécnica de Madrid. |
[24] | International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 1993. Annual Report 1992. Colombo: International Water Management Institute. |
[25] |
Jones, L., Boyd, E., 2011. Exploring social barriers to adaptation: insights from Western Nepal. Glob. Environ. Change. 21(4), 1262-1274.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.002 |
[26] | Karimi, A., Ebadzadeh, H., Hatami, F., et al., 2019. Iranian Agricultural Statistics Yearbook. Tehran: Iranian Agricultural Ministry Publication (in Persian). |
[27] | Keshavarz, M., Karami, E., 2008. Factors affecting on drought management by farmers and its consequences: application of structural equation modelling. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 12(43), 267-283 (in Persian). |
[28] |
Maponya, P., Mpandeli, S., 2012. Climate change and agricultural production in South Africa: Impacts and adaptation options. J. Agric. Sci. 4(10), 48.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0010 |
[29] | Ngigi, S.N., 2009. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Water Resources Management Options for Smallholder Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: The Earth Institute at Columbia University. |
[30] |
Nielsen, J.Ø., Reenberg, A., 2010. Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso. Glob. Environ. Change. 20(1), 142-152.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.002 |
[31] | Niles, M., Lubell, M., Brown, M., et al., 2012. Hawks Bay, New Zealand Farmers Climate Change Perceptions and Concerns. [2020-03-15]. https://environmentalpolicy.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk6866/files/2019-02/Hawkes%20Bay_Climate_Attitudes_Policy_Brief_FINAL_3.pdf. |
[32] |
O’Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Sygna, L., et al., 2006. Questioning complacency: climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation in Norway. AMBIO A J. Hum. Environ. 35(2), 50-56.
doi: 10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[50:QCCCIV]2.0.CO;2 |
[33] |
Orlove, B., 2005. Human adaptation to climate change: a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives. Environ. Sci. Policy. 8(6), 589-600.
doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.009 |
[34] |
Patt, A., Gwata, C., 2002. Effective seasonal climate forecast applications: examining constraints for subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. Glob. Environ. Change. 12(3), 185-195.
doi: 10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00013-4 |
[35] |
Pelling, M., High, C., 2005. Understanding adaptation: what can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity? Glob. Environ. Change. 15(4), 308-319.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.02.001 |
[36] | Pezeshkirad, G.R., Boldaji, E.M., Feli, S., 2007. Factors affecting adoption of mitigation technologies for wheat losses during the drought and low rainfall period of 2001-2005: a case study of wheat cultivators in Khorasan-e Razavi Province of Iran. Village and Development. 10(3), 103-113 (in Persian). |
[37] | Poortaheri, M., Eftekhari, A., Kazemi, N., 2013. The role of drought risk management approach in reducing social-economic vulnerability of farmers and rural regions case study: Sulduz rural district, Azarbaijan Gharbi. Rural Res. 4(1):1-12 (in Persian). |
[38] | Pour Gholamhossein, E., Ba’aghideh, M., Salmani Moghaddam, M., 2015. The impact of climate on the architecture of different urban textures. Urban Regional Studies and Research. 7(26), 105-126 (in Persian). |
[39] | Rejesus, R.M., 2012. Farmers perceptions and beliefs about climate change: A North Carolina Perspective. Agriculture and Life Services. 2(3), 34-54. |
[40] |
Reser, J.P., Swim, J.K., 2011. Adapting to and coping with the threat and impacts of climate change. Am. Psychol. 66(4), 277-289.
doi: 10.1037/a0023412 |
[41] |
Rezaei, A., Salmani, M., Razaghi, F., et al., 2017. An empirical analysis of effective factors on farmers adaptation behavior in water scarcity conditions in rural communities. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 5(4), 265-272.
doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.08.002 |
[42] | Ribot, J.C., 2002. Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources: Institutionalizing Popular Participation. Washington DC: World Resources Institute. |
[43] | Saleh, I., Mokhtari, D., 2007. Economic and social effects and consequences of drought on rural households in Sistan region. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal. 3(1), 99-114 (in Persian). |
[44] | Salehi, S., Pazokinejad, Z., 2014. An analysis of social factors influencing students’ environmental attitudes and performance. Journal of Applied Sociology. 25(3), 71-88 (in Persian). |
[45] | Save Cambodia's Wildlife (SCW). 2011. Level of Knowledge and Awareness on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture and Water Resources. Research Project. Cambodia: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. |
[46] | Silakhori, E., Ownegh, M., Mosaedi, A., et al., 2019. Application of reanalysis and observational data for comparison of drought indices (case study: Esfarayen Sabzevar Region). Iran-Water Resources Research. 14(5), 278-290. |
[47] | Statistics Center of Iran, 2016. Population and Housing Censuses Report in 2016. [2020-04-25]. https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Population-and-Housing-Censuses. |
[48] |
Suryavanshi, S., Joshi, N., Maurya, H.K., et al., 2021. Understanding precipitation characteristics of Afghanistan at provincial scale. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-365073/v1.
doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-365073/v1 |
[49] | Sutherland, K., Smit, B., Wulf, V., et al., 2005. Vulnerability in Samoa. Tiempo. 54, 11-15. |
[50] |
Vincent, K., 2007. Uncertainty in adaptive capacity and the importance of scale. Glob. Environ. Change. 17(1), 12-24.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.009 |
[51] | Ward, C., Dargought, S., Minasyan, G., et al., 2005. Reneging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges, Opportunities and Trade-offs. Washington DC: Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD), The World Bank. |
[52] |
Wens, M.L.K., Mwangi, M.N., van Loon, A.F., et al., 2021. Complexities of drought adaptive behaviour: linking theory to data on smallholder farmer adaptation decisions. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 63, 102435.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102435 |
[53] |
Wheeler, S., Zuo, A., Bjornlund, H., 2013. Farmers’ climate change beliefs and adaptation strategies for a water scarce future in Australia. Glob. Environ. Change. 23(2), 537-547.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.008 |
[54] | Wiles, E., 2012. Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change and Climate Solutions. [2020-08-15]. www.anglia.ac.uk/gsi. |
[55] |
Yang, Y.C.E., Son, K., Hung, F., et al., 2020. Impact of climate change on adaptive management decisions in the face of water scarcity. J. Hydrol. 588, 125015.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125015 |
[56] | Yazdani, S., Haghsheno, M., 2008. Drought management and recommended solutions on how to deal with droughts. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science. (2), 64-68. |
[57] |
Zhang, B., Fu, Z.T., Wang, J.Q., et al., 2019. Farmers’ adoption of water-saving irrigation technology alleviates water scarcity in metropolis suburbs: A case study of Beijing, China. Agric. Water Manag. 212, 349-357.
doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.021 |
[58] |
Zobeidi, T., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., et al., 2016. Typology of wheat and vegetable farmers’ perception towards climate change through of Q-methodology. J. Rural. Res. 7(2), 374-391 (in Persian).
doi: 10.21859/jjr-07028 |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||