Mapping the spatial pattern of ecosystem services in the Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area, Indonesia: Could peri-urban areas support the urban core?

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100276

Abstract

Abstract:

The Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia’s largest urban agglomeration, faces severe challenges due to rapid population growth and environmental degradation. Expanding urban areas has led to a reduction in green spaces, damaging ecosystem services, and exacerbating urban heat island effect, soil erosion, and flood risk. Therefore, this study identified key ecosystem service indicators, including Urban Heat Mitigation (UHM), Sediment Retention (SR), and Flood Risk Mitigation (FRM), and defined the spatial pattern of ecosystem services and its management zones in the JMA in 2024. Spatial data and ecosystem service indicators were analyzed using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and spatial clustering analysis tool (e.g., Rustiadi’s Quantitative Zoning Method(RQZM) II), and the results served as the basis for formulating strategic recommendations. This study highlighted significant regional disparities. Jakarta, Tangerang Regency, Bekasi Regency, Depok City, Tangerang City, South Tangerang City, and Bekasi City experienced the increase of urban heat effect and flood risk due to dense infrastructure and limited green spaces. Conversely, southern peri-urban areas of Bogor Regency demonstrated higher ecological capacities, particularly in water infiltration and temperature regulation, but remained vulnerable to soil erosion due to urban expansion. The results underscored the critical imbalance between growing urban demands and the diminishing capacity of peri-urban areas to supply ecosystem services, which is driven by the transformation of green spaces into built-up areas. To address these challenges, this study proposed the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) by emphasizing forested area conservation in the southern region of the JMA, natural landscape restoration and rehabilitation in the central region, and a hybrid of natural and artificial ecosystem creation in the northern region.

Key words: Ecosystem services, Peri-urban areas, Rustiadi’s Quantitative Zoning Method (RQZM) II, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST), Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA)

Purwantiningrum PURWANTININGRUM, Ernan RUSTIADI, Didit Okta PRIBADI. Mapping the spatial pattern of ecosystem services in the Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area, Indonesia: Could peri-urban areas support the urban core?[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2025, 6(6): 100276.

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Data type		Spatial resolution	Year	Source
Land use type		30 m×30 m	2021	Satellite Imagery European Space Agency (https://esa-worldcover.org/)
Digital elevation model (DEM)		9 m×9 m	2023	Geospatial Information Agency (https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/)
Climate data	Evapotranspiration	30 m×30 m	2022	Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD16A3GF Version 6.1
	Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect	30 m×30 m	2020	Global Surface UHI Explorer (https://yceo.users.earthengine.app/view/uhimap)
	Temperature and precipitation	30 m×30 m	2023	Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (https://www.bmkg.go.id/)
Soil hydrology		250 m×250 m	2020	Global Hydrologic Soil Groups (HYSOGs250m) for Curve Number-Based Run-off Modeling (https://daac.ornl.gov/SOILS/guides/Global_Hydrologic_Soil_Group.html)
Soil erosivity		926 m×926 m	2017	European Soil Data Centre (https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/global-rainfall-erosivity)
Soil erodibility		1 km×1 km	2017	Erodibility: European Soil Data Centre (https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/global-soil-erosion)
Watershed delineation		1: 500,000	2021	Ministry of Environment and Forestry (https://kspservices.big.go.id/satupeta/rest/services/PUBLIK)
Biophysical data	Tabular data (crop coefficient, albedo, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) value, and Curve Number value)	-	2023	Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) (https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest)

Cluster	Flood risk	Sediment export	Heat mitigation	Cooling capacity	Soil erosion	Runoff retention
Cluster 1	High	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Low
Cluster 2	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low
Cluster 3	Medium	High	Medium	Medium	High	Medium
Cluster 4	Low	Medium	High	High	Low	High