Regional Sustainability ›› 2021, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (3): 280-295.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2021.11.001cstr: 32279.14.j.regsus.2021.11.001
• Full Length Article • Previous Articles
Md. Habibur RAHMANa,b,*(), Bishwajit ROYb,c, Md. Shahidul ISLAMb,d
Received:
2020-12-09
Revised:
2021-08-09
Accepted:
2021-11-04
Published:
2021-07-30
Online:
2021-12-24
Contact:
Md. Habibur RAHMAN
E-mail:habibmdr@gmail.com;rahman.habibur.66w@kyoto-u.jp
Md. Habibur RAHMAN, Bishwajit ROY, Md. Shahidul ISLAM. Contribution of non-timber forest products to the livelihoods of the forest-dependent communities around the Khadimnagar National Park in northeastern Bangladesh[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(3): 280-295.
Table 1
Profile of sample villages around the Khadimnagar National Park (KNP)."
Village | Household size (N) | Sample size (n) | Location and distance (km) | Forest dependency level |
---|---|---|---|---|
Charagang Tea Estate (CTE) | 142 | 31 | Adjacent (0-1) | Moderate to high |
Khadimnagar Tea Estate (KhTE) | 462 | 70 | Outside (1-2) | Moderate to high |
Bajartal | 37 | 37 | Outside (2-3) | Moderate |
Kalagul Tea Estate (KATE) | 247 | 40 | Adjacent (1-2) | Moderate to high |
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of the surveyed respondents."
Parameter | Percentage of the respondents (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KhTE | CTE | Bajartal | KATE | Total | |
Age range | |||||
16-30 years | 57.1 | 41.9 | 40.5 | 20.0 | 42.7 |
31-45 years | 28.6 | 38.7 | 40.5 | 62.5 | 40.4 |
46-55 years | 14.3 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 17.5 | 16.9 |
Sex | |||||
Male | 58.6 | 77.4 | 91.9 | 100.0 | 78.1 |
Female | 41.4 | 22.6 | 8.1 | - | 21.9 |
Family size | |||||
1-5 persons | 81.4 | 83.9 | 78.4 | 90.0 | 83.1 |
6-8 persons | 18.6 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 10.0 | 16.3 |
>8 persons | - | - | 2.7 | - | 0.6 |
Education (years of schooling) | |||||
Illiterate and can only sign (0 year) | 32.9 | 35.5 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 34.8 |
Primary (1-5 years) | 37.1 | 38.7 | 37.8 | 32.5 | 36.5 |
Junior secondary (6-8 years) | 27.1 | 16.1 | 29.7 | 27.5 | 25.8 |
Senior secondary (9-10 years) | 2.9 | 9.7 | - | - | 2.8 |
Occupational categories (income source) | |||||
Fuelwood collectors | 34.3 | 19.4 | 8.1 | 20.0 | 23.0 (P) |
Farmers | 14.3 | 22.6 | 21.6 | 25.0 | 19.7 (S) |
Small-scale businessmen | 4.3 | 12.9 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 13.5 (S) |
Day labourers | 15.7 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 17.5 | 16.3 (S) |
Tea estate labourers | 31.4 | 29.0 | 32.4 | 15.0 | 27.5 (S) |
Table 3
Basic information of available non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the KNP."
NTFP type | Usage pattern | Availability trend | Percentage of perception as NTFPs (%) | Reason for the observed trends | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree of NTFPs collection | Current status | Status before co-management projects | ||||
Bamboo | House-building materials, handicrafts, furniture, fuelwood, and vegetable | Moderate | +++ | ++ | 71.9 | Illegal bamboo harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Rattan | House-building materials, handicrafts, and furniture | High | +++ | ++ | 63.5 | Illegal rattan harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
I. cylindrica | House-building materials (thatching materials of roof and shade), making brooms, fodder, and fuelwood | High | ++ | +++ | 57.3 | Due to increased plantation areas in denuded hills, the growing area has reduced. |
Medicinal Plants | Curing different types of ailments | High | +++ | ++ | 48.9 | Over exploitation has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Tree poles | House-building materials, furniture, and fuelwood | Less | +++ | ++ | 51.1 | Illegal trees harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Fuelwood | Residential and commercial cooking, brick burning, and rice parboiling | High | +++ | ++ | 53.4 | Extensive fuelwood harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Fodder | Cattle feeding and fuelwood | High | ++ | +++ | 50.6 | Due to increased plantation areas in denuded hills, the growing area has reduced. |
Wild fruits | Seasonal food for nutritional and medicinal purposes | Less | +++ | ++ | 51.7 | Over fruit collection has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Wild honey | Food for nutritional and medicinal purposes | Less | ++ | + | 48.3 | Illegal honeycomb harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
T. maxima | Making brooms, fuelwood, fodder, and lime washing of building walls | Moderate | + | ++ | 43.8 | Due to increased plantation areas in denuded hills, the growing area has reduced. |
Seasonal vegetables | Vegetables and curries food for nutritional and medicinal purposes | Moderate | +++ | +++ | 56.2 | Over harvesting has decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Wildlife hunting and poaching | Food for nutritional and medicinal purposes, rituals for festivals, and illegally sale in the markets | Less | +++ | + | 80.3 | Illegal hunting and poaching have decreased due to forest patrolling under co-management projects. |
Table 4
Respondents’ attitudes towards NTFP collection and usage."
Statement | Percentage of the respondents (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KhTE | CTE | Bajartal | KATE | Total | |
Major types of NTFPs derived from the forest | |||||
Fuelwood | 82.9 | 87.1 | 86.5 | 85.0 | 84.8 |
Wild vegetables and fruits | 44.3 | 45.2 | 73.0 | 50.0 | 51.7 |
House-building materials | 61.4 | 51.6 | 56.8 | 45.0 | 55.1 |
Tree poles | 21.4 | 29.0 | 32.4 | 25.0 | 25.8 |
Medicinal plants | 67.1 | 48.4 | 51.4 | 57.5 | 58.4 |
Bamboo and rattan | 31.4 | 22.6 | 27.0 | 35.0 | 29.8 |
Intensity of NTFP collection | |||||
Daily | 58.6 | 45.1 | 32.4 | 32.5 | 45.0 |
3-4 times per week | 31.4 | 32.3 | 45.9 | 40.0 | 36.5 |
Weekly | 10.0 | 22.6 | 21.6 | 27.5 | 18.5 |
Time spent for NTFP collection per trip in the forest | |||||
<3 h | 42.9 | 19.4 | 13.5 | 95.0 | 23.0 |
3-5 h | 51.4 | 80.6 | 81.1 | 5.0 | 72.5 |
>5 h | 5.7 | - | 5.4 | 0.0 | 4.5 |
Purposes of NTFP collection | |||||
For own use | 34.3 | 45.2 | 32.4 | 25.0 | 33.7 |
For sale in market | 37.1 | 35.5 | 40.5 | 45.0 | 39.3 |
For own use and sale | 28.6 | 19.4 | 27.0 | 30.0 | 27.0 |
Reasons for collecting NTFPs from the forest | |||||
Available and free of cost | 87.1 | 83.9 | 75.7 | 87.5 | 84.3 |
Don’t need much afford to collect | 57.1 | 67.7 | 64.9 | 75.0 | 64.6 |
Other cooking fuels are expensive | 41.4 | 61.3 | 67.6 | 70.0 | 56.7 |
Reactions regarding unavailability of NTFPs from the forest | |||||
Unsustainable harvesting from the forest | 65.7 | 87.1 | 78.4 | 72.5 | 73.6 |
Planting fuelwood and fruit-bearing trees | 54.3 | 58.1 | 51.4 | 82.5 | 60.7 |
Buying from the market | 21.4 | 51.6 | 35.1 | 47.5 | 35.4 |
Switching over to other available fuels | 30.0 | 29.0 | 21.6 | 30.0 | 28.1 |
Don't know what to do | 14.3 | 22.6 | 32.4 | 32.5 | 23.6 |
Table 5
Respondents’ attitudes towards NTFP conservation and management."
Attitude | Percentage of the respondents (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KhTE | CTE | Bajartal | KATE | Total | |
Protection measures can conserve the forest resources | |||||
Yes, the BFD and local people together can conserve | 65.7 | 51.6 | 54.1 | 62.5 | 60.1 |
There is a need to implement the strict conservation zone | 14.3 | 22.6 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 19.1 |
Restriction protection measures must be implemented | 20.0 | 25.8 | 24.3 | 15.0 | 20.8 |
Impact of over-harvesting of NTFPs on forest ecology | |||||
Significantly | 32.9 | 67.7 | 37.8 | 42.5 | 42.1 |
Not significantly | 38.6 | 19.4 | 27.0 | 30.0 | 30.9 |
No idea | 28.6 | 12.9 | 35.1 | 27.5 | 27.0 |
Protected area can manage NTFPs in a sustainable way | |||||
Yes, it can manage sustainably | 61.4 | 51.6 | 43.2 | 47.5 | 52.8 |
No, the situation remains the same | 15.7 | 35.5 | 27.0 | 30.0 | 24.7 |
No idea | 22.9 | 12.9 | 29.7 | 22.5 | 22.5 |
Involvement of local people in NTFP management could improve the present stocks | |||||
Agree | 77.1 | 71.0 | 78.4 | 80.0 | 77.0 |
Disagree | 17.1 | 19.4 | 13.5 | 15.0 | 16.3 |
Possibly | 5.7 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 6.7 |
Increased NTFP collection could balance livelihoods and conservation in the protected area | |||||
Positively | 85.7 | 87.1 | 89.2 | 80.0 | 85.4 |
Negatively | 5.7 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 7.5 | 5.1 |
No idea | 8.6 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 9.6 |
Table 6
Description of NTFPs collected from the KNP."
NTFP type | Unit | Percentage of the respondents (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KhTE | CTE | Bajartal | KATE | Total | ||
Twigs and branches (fuelwood) | Stake (1 stake=5 kg) | 27.1 | 22.9 | 25.7 | 24.3 | 39.3 |
Tree poles (fuelwood+other uses) | Piece | 7.1 | 25.0 | 35.7 | 32.1 | 15.7 |
Split wood (fuelwood) | Bundle (1 bundle=5 kg) | 34.0 | 28.0 | 22.0 | 16.0 | 28.1 |
Bamboo (fuelwood+other uses) | Bundle (2-5 pieces) | 32.5 | 27.5 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 22.5 |
Rattan | Bundle (5-10 pieces) | 27.5 | 30.0 | 32.5 | 10.0 | 22.5 |
I. cylindrica and T. maxima | Stake (1 stake=5 kg) | 34.6 | 25.9 | 17.3 | 22.2 | 45.5 |
Medicinal plants, seasonal fruits and seeds, fodder, and vegetables | - | 54.3 | 35.5 | 35.1 | 30.0 | 41.6 |
Table 7
Selling price of NTFPs and income earned from NTFPs."
NTFP type | Selling price | Approximate income earned from NTFPs (USD/month) |
---|---|---|
Bamboo | 1.8-5.9 USD/culm | 11.8-14.2 |
Rattan | 0.9-2.4 USD/culm | 5.9 |
Twigs, branches, and split woods | 2.1-2.9 USD/bundle | 17.7-23.6 |
Tree poles | 3.5-5.9 USD/m3 | 9.4-11.8 |
Seasonal fruits | 3.5-5.9 USD/basket | 5.9-11.8 |
I. cylindrica and T. maxima | 3.5-5.9 USD/bundle | 5.9-11.8 |
Fig. 3.
Relationships between the amount of NTFP collection per trip and different occupational categories of the surveyed respondents (a), and between the amount of NTFP collection per trip and various dependency levels of the surveyed repondents (b). The three lines in each box from bottom to top indicate the 25th percentiles, the median, and the 75th percentiles, respectively, with ±1.5×interquartile range as whiskers. n means the number of the respondents."
Table 9
Occupation-wise monthly income from NTFPs for the surveyed respondents."
Occupational category | Average monthly income from NTFPs (USD) | Contribution to household income (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KhTE | CTE | Bajartal | KATE | Mean | ||
Tea estate labourers | 28.8 | 28.3 | 25.7 | 18.0 | 26.1 | 58.4 |
Fuelwood collectors | 24.2 | 22.0 | 26.6 | 26.8 | 24.6 | 55.0 |
Day labourers | 28.2 | 34.4 | 19.0 | 21.1 | 25.7 | 61.4 |
Farmers | 26.3 | 22.4 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 51.3 |
Small-scale businessmen | 30.7 | 21.4 | 21.9 | 23.3 | 40.3 | 58.3 |
Mean | 26.5 | 26.6 | 22.2 | 21.2 | 24.4 | 56.9 |
Table 10
Bivariate relationships between socio-demographic factors and household income from NTFPs."
Socio-demographic factor of the respondents | r value |
---|---|
Age | -0.134 |
Gender | 0.140 |
Years of schooling | -0.009 |
Family size | 0.175* |
Time spent for NTFP collection | 0.300** |
Distance between household and forest | -0.195** |
Off-farm income | 0.172 |
Table 11
Regression analysis of relationships between influencing factors and annual income from NTFPs."
Influencing factor | β value | Standard error | t value |
---|---|---|---|
Time spent on NTFP collection | 0.057** | 0.025 | 2.231 |
Family size | 0.056 | 0.021 | 2.673 |
Distance between household and forest | -0.137* | 0.081 | -1.680 |
Regression constant | 7.600** | 0.125 | 60.710 |
Multiple r | 0.352 | - | - |
R2 | 0.124 | - | - |
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