Regional Sustainability ›› 2021, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (3): 264-279.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2021.11.005
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WANG Jiea, LIU Dongweia,b,c,*(
), TIAN Songnia, HU Yuehonga, MA Jialia, WANG Lixina,b,c
Received:2021-07-24
Revised:2021-10-16
Accepted:2021-11-10
Online:2021-07-30
Published:2021-12-24
Contact:
LIU Dongwei
E-mail:liudw@imu.edu.cn
WANG Jie, LIU Dongwei, TIAN Songni, HU Yuehong, MA Jiali, WANG Lixin. Coupling analysis of short-term weather and runoff in an arid lake basin of China[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(3): 264-279.
Fig. 1.
Overview of the study area (a) and geographic elevation and river distribution in the Daihai Lake Basin (b)."
Table 1
Basic settings for Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and Weather Research and Forecasting model mode-Hydrological module (WRF-HYDRO)."
| Parameter | Setting | |
|---|---|---|
| Domain 1 | Domain 2 | |
| Domain horizontal resolution (km) | 3 | 1 |
| Domain center | 40°30′34.3′′N, 112°38′45.5′′E | 40°30′34.3′′N, 112°38′45.5′′E |
| Number of horizontal grids in the domain | 40×60 | 64×82 |
| Scale | 3:1 | 3:1 |
| Vertical layers | 38 | 38 |
| Pressure of top layer (kPa) | 5 | 5 |
| Integration time step (s) | 30 | 30 |
| Output time step (h) | 6 | 6 |
Table 2
Physical parameters used in WRF."
| Parameter | Scheme selection | Basic significance |
|---|---|---|
| Microphysics scheme (mp_physics) | 2, Purdue Lin scheme ( | Suitable for high resolution simulation of real data |
| Longwave radiation (ra_lw_physics) | 1, Rapid Radiative Transfer Mode (RRTM) scheme (Eli et al., 1997) | Fast radiative transfer model with accurate solution using lookup tables to improve efficiency |
| Shortwave radiation (ra_sw_physics) | 1, Dudhia scheme ( | Simple downward integration can effectively absorb and scatter clouds and clear skies |
| Land surface scheme (sf_surface_physics) | 2, Noah ( | Four layers of soil temperature and moisture, partial snow, and frozen soil physical properties |
| Lake physics (sf_lake_physics) | 1, Common Land Model 4.5 (CLM4.5) lake model | The lake scheme comes from CLM4.5 |
| Planetary boundary layer (bl_pbl_physics) | 1, Yonsei University scheme ( | An explicit inclusion layer and a parabolic K-shape nonlocal K-scheme are presented in the unstable mixing layer |
| Cumulus parameterization (cu_physics) | 1, Kain-Fritsch scheme | Shallow and deep convective sub-grid scheme using mass flux method |
Table 3
Basic setup for the online coupling WRF-HYDRO."
| Parameter | Setting |
|---|---|
| Hydro output interval (h) | 6 |
| Surface model | Noah |
| Re-interpolation factor | 10:1 |
| Depth of soil column (m) | 2 |
| Thickness of soil layer (cm) | 10, 30, 60, and 100 |
| Built in resolution (m) | 100 |
| Model time step (s) | 10 |
| Subsurface routing (SUBRTSWCRT) | 1, Yes |
| Overland flow routing (OVRTSWCRT) | 1, Yes |
| Channel routing (CHANRTSWCRT, channel_option) | 1, Yes; 3, with diffusive wave |
| Baseflow bucket model (GWBASESWCRT) | 0, No |
Table 4
Calibration parameters and their setting values in WRF-HYDRO."
| Parameter classification | Parameter | Setting value |
|---|---|---|
| Global parameters | REFKDT | 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 |
| MannN | 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.0 | |
| Local parameters | RETDEPRTFAC | 0.1, 1.0, and 1.5 |
| OVROUGHRTFAC | 0.1, 1.0, and 1.5 |
Table 5
Details of the selected two rainstorm events in the history of the Daihai Lake Basin."
| Event | Weather station | Start time (UTC) | End time (UTC) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Storm I | Liangcheng County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | At 00:00 on 1 August 2015 | At 19:00 on 1 August 2015 |
| Storm II | Liangcheng County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | At 03:00 on 25 July 2020 | At 19:00 on 25 July 2020 |
Table 6
Simulation settings of the selected two rainstorm events in the Daihai Lake Basin."
| Event | Storm I | Storm II |
|---|---|---|
| Simulation start time (UTC) | At 18:00 on 31 July 2015 | At 18:00 on 24 July 2020 |
| Simulation end time (UTC) | At 00:00 on 2 August 2015 | At 00:00 on 27 July 2020 |
| Output time step (h) | 1 | 1 |
| Static database using land use | MOD12Q1 2015 | MOD12Q1 2020 |
| Static database using leaf area index | MOD15A1 201507 | MOD15A1 202007 |
Table 7
Classification criteria of soil types in Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model."
| Soil type | Minimum infiltration rate (%) | Soil texture |
|---|---|---|
| A | >7.26 | Sandy soil, loamy sandy soil, and sandy loam |
| B | 3.81-7.26 | Loam and silt loam |
| C | 1.27-3.81 | Sandy clay loam |
| D | <1.27 | Clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay |
Table 8
Classification criteria of soil moisture degree in SCS-CN model."
| Soil moisture classification | Rainfall in the five days before the rainfall event (mm) | |
|---|---|---|
| Crop growth stage | Non crop growth stage | |
| Dry (AMC I) | <30.0 | <15.0 |
| Average (AMC II) | 30.0-50.0 | 15.0-30.0 |
| Wet (AMC III) | >50.0 | >30.0 |
Fig. 2.
Surface runoff curves with different parameter values: surface runoff curves with different values of runoff infiltration parameter (REFKDT) in 2018 (a); surface runoff curves with different values of surface retention depth scaling parameter (RETDEPRTFAC) in 2018 (b); surface runoff curves with different values of overland flow roughness scaling parameter (OVROUGHRTFAC) in 2018 (c); and surface runoff curves with different values of channel Manning roughness parameter (MannN) in 2018 (d). SCS-CN, Soil Conservation Service Curve Number."
Table 9
Evaluation results of different physics parameters."
| Parameter | Value | RMSE | PBIAS (%) | NSE | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REFKDT | 1.0 | 11.15 | 198.92 | -5.54 | 0.49 |
| 2.0 | 2.34 | -4.79 | 0.71 | 0.84 | |
| 2.5 | 1.95 | -28.42 | 0.80 | 0.91 | |
| 3.0 | 1.79 | -18.56 | 0.83 | 0.93 | |
| 3.5 | 2.09 | -46.78 | 0.77 | 0.92 | |
| 4.0 | 2.20 | -54.02 | 0.74 | 0.93 | |
| RETDEPRTFAC | 0.1 | 5.43 | 58.51 | -0.55 | 0.93 |
| 0.5 | 3.70 | 13.85 | 0.28 | 0.93 | |
| 1.0 | 1.79 | -18.56 | 0.83 | 0.93 | |
| OVROUGHRTFAC | 0.1 | 4.10 | 37.13 | 0.12 | 0.93 |
| 0.5 | 4.73 | 31.56 | -0.18 | 0.93 | |
| 1.0 | 1.79 | -18.56 | 0.83 | 0.93 | |
| MannN | 1.0 | 1.40 | -0.18 | 0.83 | 0.93 |
| 1.2 | 3.71 | 0.38 | -0.18 | 0.93 | |
| 1.5 | 4.95 | 0.64 | -1.10 | 0.93 | |
| 1.8 | 5.03 | 0.68 | -1.17 | 0.93 | |
| 2.0 | 5.62 | 0.81 | -1.71 | 0.93 |
Table 10
Initial conditions of the river channel."
| River grade | BW (m) | Hlink (m) | ChSSlp (m/m) | MannN |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.5 | 0.02 | 3.00 | 0.55 |
| 2 | 3.0 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.35 |
| 3 | 5.0 | 0.02 | 0.50 | 0.15 |
| 4 | 10.0 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.10 |
| 5 | 20.0 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 6 | 40.0 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 7 | 60.0 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| 8 | 70.0 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| 9 | 80.0 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| 10 | 100.0 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
Fig. 3.
Comparison of simulated and observed rainfall and surface runoff for Storm I in 2015 (a) and Storm II in 2020 (b). Rainfall R, correlation coefficient between simulated rainfall and observed rainfall; Runoff R, correlation coefficient between simulated runoff and observed runoff."
Table 11
Evaluation indices of runoff simulation accuracy in the selected two rainstorm events."
| Event | R | PBIAS (%) | RMSE | NSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Storm I | 0.70 | -50.15 | 0.28 | 0.38 |
| Storm II | 0.76 | 34.04 | 0.77 | 0.52 |
Fig. 4.
Spatial distribution of rainfall simulation in Storm I. (a), accumulated rainfall from 18:00 on 31 July 2015 to 00:00 on 1 August 2015; (b), accumulated rainfall from 00:00 on 1 August 2015 to 12:00 on 1 August 2015; (c), accumulated rainfall from 12:00 on 1 August 2015 to 00:00 on 2 August 2015."
Fig. 5.
Spatial distribution of simulated surface runoff (mm/6 h) in Storm I. (a), surface runoff from 18:00 on 31 July 2015 to 00:00 on 1 August 2015; (b), surface runoff from 00:00 on 1 August 2015 to 12:00 on 1 August 2015; (c), surface runoff from 12:00 on 1 August 2015 to 00:00 on 2 August 2015."
Fig. 6.
Spatial distribution of accumulated rainfall for Storm II. (a), accumulated rainfall from 00:00 on 25 July 2020 to 12:00 on 25 July 2020; (b), accumulated rainfall from 12:00 on 25 July 2020 to 00:00 on 26 July 2020; (c), accumulated rainfall from 00:00 on 26 July 2020 to 12:00 on 26 July 2020; (d), accumulated rainfall from 12:00 on 26 July 2020 to 00:00 on 27 July 2020; (e), accumulated rainfall from 00:00 on 27 July 2020 to 12:00 on 27 July 2020."
Fig. 7.
Spatial distribution of simulated surface runoff (mm/6 h) for Storm II. (a), surface runoff from 00:00 on 25 July 2020 to 12:00 on 25 July 2020; (b), surface runoff from 12:00 on 25 July 2020 to 00:00 on 26 July 2020; (c), surface runoff from 00:00 on 26 July 2020 to 12:00 on 26 July 2020; (d), surface runoff from 12:00 on 26 July 2020 to 00:00 on 27 July 2020; (e), surface runoff from 00:00 on 27 July 2020 to 12:00 on 27 July 2020."
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