Students’ sustainability consciousness with the three dimensions of sustainability: Does the locus of control play a role?

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2023.02.002

Abstract

Abstract:

The persistent environmental problems and the growing difficulty to achieve sustainable development require a re-evaluation of person’ sustainable knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. To go to where we want to go, we must first assess where we are now. The study investigated the level of sustainability consciousness of students in India, and sustainability consciousness was expressed in sustainability knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. Sustainability consciousness was further examined using the three dimensions, such as environment, society, and economy. By drawing the perception map of students and studying the role of the locus of control, the reasons why sustainability knowledge does not appear in sustainability behaviour were analyzed. Quantitative analysis was conducted for a sample of 205 students from higher educational institutions across central India (Madhya Pradesh) from January to March in 2022. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 26 and Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) 3.0. The research revealed that sustainability attitude impacts sustainability behaviour more than sustainability knowledge. The results showed that respondents’ sustainability knowledge is higher than their sustainability attitude and behaviour. Moreover, it was discovered that economic concerns can lead to sustainability behaviour. In order to study respondents’ behaviour regarding sustainability consciousness, the study divided respondents into two groups according to the locus of control: the internal and external locus of control. It was found that most respondents thought whatever happened around them was beyond their control. Further, the locus of control influenced sustainability behaviour in groups with the internal locus of control. The study helps to explain why sustainability knowledge and attitude cannot translate into sustainability behaviour and provides a basis for achieving sustainable development. The conclusions of this study are crucial for governments, educational institutions, and organizations that empower youth to change their behaviour.

Key words: Sustainability, consciousness Sustainability knowledge Sustainability attitude Sustainability behaviour, Locus of control, Higher education

Durdana OVAIS. Students’ sustainability consciousness with the three dimensions of sustainability: Does the locus of control play a role?[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2023, 4(1): 13-27.

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Table S1

Descriptions of the questions selected in this study."

Construct	Dimension	Item code	Question
Sustainability knowledge (SK)	Environment	SK 1	Reducing water consumption is necessary for sustainable development.
		SK 2	Preserving the variety of living creatures is necessary for sustainable development (preserving biological diversity).
		SK 3	For sustainable development, people need to be educated in how to protect themselves against natural disasters.
	Society	SK 4	A culture where conflicts are resolved peacefully through discussion is necessary for sustainable development.
		SK 5	Respecting human rights is necessary for sustainable development.
		SK 6	To achieve sustainable development, all the people in the world must have access to good education.
	Economy	SK 7	Sustainable development requires that companies act responsibly towards their employees, customers and suppliers.
		SK 8	Sustainable development requires a fair distribution of goods and services among people in the world.
		SK 9	Wiping out poverty in the world is necessary for sustainable development.
Sustainability attitude (SA)	Environment	SA 1	I think that using more natural resources than we need does not threaten the health and well-being of people in the future.
		SA 2	I think that we need stricter laws and regulations to protect the environment.
		SA 3	I think that it is important to take measures against problems which have to do with climate change.
	Society	SA 4	I think that everyone ought to be given the opportunity to acquire the knowledge, values and skills that are necessary to live sustainably.
		SA 5	I think that we who are living now should make sure that people in the future enjoy the same quality of life as we do today.
		SA 6	I think that women and men throughout the world must be given the same opportunities for education and employment.
	Economy	SA 7	I think that companies have a responsibility to reduce the use of packaging and disposable articles.
		SA 8	I think it is important to reduce poverty.
		SA 9	I think that companies in rich countries should give employees in poor nations the same conditions as in rich countries.
Sustainability behaviour (SB)	Environment	SB 1	I recycle as much as I can.
		SB 2	I always separate food waste before putting out the rubbish when I have the chance.
		SB 3	I have changed my personal lifestyle to reduce waste (e.g., throwing away less food or not wasting materials).
	Society	SB 4	When I use a computer or mobile to chat, text, play games and so on, I always treat others as respectfully as I would in real life.
		SB 5	I support an aid organization or environmental group.
		SB 6	I show the same respect to men and women, boys and girls.
	Economy	SB 7	I do things which help poor people.
		SB 8	I often purchase second-hand goods over the internet or in a shop.
		SB 9	I avoid buying goods from companies with a bad reputation for looking after their employees and the environment.
Locus of control (LC)	-	LC 1	I have often found that what is going to happen will happen.
		LC 2	Many times, we might just as well decide what to do by flipping a coin.
		LC 3	Who gets to be the boss often depends on who was lucky enough to be in the right place first.
		LC 4	Most people do not realize the extent to which their lives are controlled by accidental happenings.
		LC 5	Many times, I feel that I have little influence over the things that happen to me.

Table S1

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Construct	Dimension	Item code	Factor loading	Mean score	Standard deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Sustainability knowledge (SK)	Environment	SK 1	0.268	4.02	0.990	-0.927	0.413
		SK 2	0.562	4.53	0.653	-1.184	0.692
		SK 3	0.670	4.47	0.744	-1.294	1.056
	Society	SK 4	0.751	4.39	0.788	-1.299	1.637
		SK 5	0.743	4.40	0.691	-0.734	-0.633
		SK 6	0.689	4.46	0.724	-1.279	1.244
	Economy	SK 7	0.689	4.20	0.813	-0.991	1.306
		SK 8	0.741	4.25	0.829	-0.962	0.610
		SK 9	0.712	4.25	0.853	-1.077	1.075
Sustainability attitude (SA)	Environment	SA 1	0.049	3.03	1.478	-0.124	-1.424
		SA 2	0.677	4.54	0.682	-1.462	1.840
		SA 3	0.749	4.39	0.682	-0.862	0.340
	Society	SA 4	0.810	4.40	0.698	-1.184	2.175
		SA 5	0.587	4.47	0.704	-1.394	2.522
		SA 6	0.776	4.60	0.653	-1.942	5.058
	Economy	SA 7	0.695	4.35	0.768	-1.077	1.129
		SA 8	0.735	4.34	0.707	-1.017	1.695
		SA 9	0.608	4.27	0.774	-0.954	0.991
Sustainability behaviour (SB)	Environment	SB 1	0.723	4.21	0.769	-0.715	0.376
		SB 2	0.749	4.35	0.710	-1.041	1.702
		SB 3	0.725	4.39	0.696	-0.791	-0.224
	Society	SB 4	0.503	4.43	0.728	-1.404	2.616
		SB 5	0.690	4.03	0.944	-0.835	0.347
		SB 6	0.617	4.59	0.640	-1.645	2.885
	Economy	SB 7	0.751	4.24	0.739	-0.487	-0.771
		SB 8	0.558	3.60	1.109	-0.475	-0.390
		SB 9	0.652	3.93	0.975	-0.718	0.271
Locus of control (LC)	-	LC 1	0.845	2.79	1.268	-0.021	-1.047
		LC 2	0.727	2.53	1.096	0.235	-0.659
		LC 3	0.698	2.47	1.036	0.339	-0.384
		LC 4	0.845	2.92	1.202	-0.037	-0.885
		LC 5	0.835	2.83	1.221	-0.070	-1.025

Construct	Dimension	Sustainability knowledge			Sustainability attitude			Sustainability behaviour
Construct	Dimension	Environment	Society	Economy	Environment	Society	Economy	Environment	Society	Economy
Sustainability knowledge	Environment	1.000
	Society	0.507^**	1.000			.		.	.
	Economy	0.457^**	0.701^**	1.000					.
Sustainability attitude	Environment	0.352^**	0.326^**	0.271^**	1.000
	Society	0.413^**	0.501^**	0.412^**	0.258^**	1.000
	Economy	0.332^**	0.581^**	0.553^**	0.458^**	0.620^**	1.000
Sustainability behaviour	Environment	0.328^**	0.438^**	0.308^**	0.347^**	0.366^**	0.470^**	1.000
	Society	0.373^**	0.424^**	0.411^**	0.381^**	0.527^**	0.594^**	0.582^**	1.000
	Economy	0.348^**	0.413^**	0.340^**	0.466^**	0.274^**	0.417^**	0.592^**	0.533^**	1.000

Construct	Locus of control	Sustainability attitude	Sustainability behaviour	Sustainability knowledge
Locus of control	0.789
Sustainability attitude	-0.154	0.770
Sustainability behaviour	-0.139	0.556	0.758
Sustainability knowledge	-0.178	0.636	0.497	0.758

Hypothesis	Description	t-value	P-value	Decision
H1	Sustainability knowledge impacts sustainability behaviour	3.163	0.002	Accepted
H2	Sustainability attitude impacts sustainability behaviour	5.513	0.000	Accepted
H3a	Locus of control impacts sustainability knowledge	2.580	0.010	Accepted
H3b	Locus of control impacts sustainability attitude	2.022	0.044	Accepted
H3c	Locus of control impacts sustainability behaviour	0.434	0.664	Rejected
H4	Locus of control moderates the relationship between sustainability attitude and sustainability behaviour	1.149	0.251	Rejected
H5	Locus of control moderates the relationship between sustainability knowledge and behaviour	1.112	0.267	Rejected

Hypothesis	Path coefficients (group with the internal locus of control to group with the external locus of control)	t-value		P-value
Hypothesis		Group with the internal locus of control	Group with the external locus of control	Group with the internal locus of control	Group with the external locus of control
H1	-0.281	0.296	3.247	0.767	0.001
H2	0.124	2.825	2.344	0.005	0.019
H3a	-0.627	5.153	1.545	0.000	0.123
H3b	-0.831	7.371	1.749	0.000	0.081
H3c	-0.402	2.985	0.417	0.003	0.677
H4	0.081	0.725	0.128	0.469	0.898
H5	-0.090	0.412	0.368	0.680	0.713