Regional Sustainability ›› 2022, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (2): 110-121.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2022.07.003
• Full Length Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Braja SUNDAR PANI, Diptimayee MISHRA*()
Received:
2021-12-29
Revised:
2022-06-02
Accepted:
2022-07-09
Published:
2022-06-30
Online:
2022-09-19
Contact:
*E-mail address: Braja SUNDAR PANI, Diptimayee MISHRA. Sustainable livelihood security in Odisha, India: A district level analysis[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2022, 3(2): 110-121.
Table 2
Results of principal component analysis (PCA) for the six ecological security indicators."
Indicator | Factor loading | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
Cropping intensity | -0.782 | 0.185 |
Population density | 0.732 | -0.572 |
Deviation of annual rainfall | 0.729 | 0.143 |
Proportion of wasteland area | 0.111 | 0.900 |
Groundwater resource potential | -0.132 | 0.622 |
Proportion of forest area | 0.529 | -0.605 |
Table 3
Results of PCA for the nine social equity indicators."
Indicator | Factor loading | ||
---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
Female literacy rate | 0.810 | 0.447 | - |
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education | -0.797 | - | 0.371 |
Dropout rate in primary education | 0.734 | 0.120 | 0.329 |
Sex ratio | -0.689 | -0.506 | -0.152 |
Household with electricity | 0.636 | 0.574 | - |
Household using clean fuel for cooking | - | 0.943 | - |
Household with improved sanitation facility | 0.316 | 0.877 | - |
Household with improved drinking water | 0.111 | -0.196 | 0.842 |
Infant mortality rate | - | 0.147 | 0.627 |
Table 4
Results of PCA for the seven economic efficiency indicators."
Indicator | Factor loading | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
NIA to NSA | 0.766 | -0.264 |
Proportion of operational land holdings | -0.748 | - |
Proportion of main workers | 0.710 | 0.409 |
Squared poverty gap | 0.564 | 0.191 |
Per capita income | -0.135 | 0.899 |
Population served per bank | 0.576 | 0.608 |
Per capita foodgrain production | -0.532 | -0.580 |
Table 5
Results of PCA for the 22 indicators relating to composite sustainable livelihood security (CSLS)."
Indicator | Factor loading | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | PC6 | |
Household with improved sanitation facility | 0.852 | - | 0.112 | 0.184 | - | 0.156 |
Proportion of main workers | 0.851 | 0.406 | - | 0.180 | - | - |
Household using clean fuel for cooking | 0.838 | - | - | - | 0.150 | 0.297 |
Household with electricity | 0.809 | 0.136 | 0.187 | 0.285 | -0.291 | -0.132 |
Per capita foodgrain production | -0.721 | 0.148 | 0.106 | -0.165 | -0.338 | 0.176 |
Population served per bank | 0.715 | - | 0.366 | 0.150 | 0.113 | -0.134 |
Female literacy rate | 0.696 | 0.294 | 0.477 | 0.281 | 0.128 | -0.219 |
Sex ratio | -0.650 | -0.174 | -0.504 | -0.118 | - | - |
Proportion of forest area | -0.203 | -0.908 | - | -0.158 | - | - |
Household with improved drinking water | -0.168 | 0.835 | - | - | - | 0.258 |
Population density | -0.584 | -0.622 | - | -0.326 | -0.223 | 0.146 |
Dropout rate in primary education | 0.272 | 0.264 | 0.803 | - | -0.158 | - |
Deviation of annual rainfall | - | -0.313 | 0.681 | -0.233 | - | 0.340 |
Squared poverty gap | 0.251 | 0.275 | 0.678 | 0.159 | 0.335 | - |
NIA to NSA | 0.197 | 0.327 | - | 0.786 | 0.191 | 0.122 |
Cropping intensity | 0.455 | 0.238 | - | 0.724 | - | 0.114 |
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education | -0.201 | 0.323 | -0.520 | -0.576 | 0.138 | 0.256 |
Proportion of operational land holdings | -0.396 | - | -0.304 | -0.501 | - | 0.404 |
Groundwater resource potential | - | - | - | 0.217 | 0.885 | - |
Per capita income | 0.427 | -0.269 | - | -0.421 | 0.613 | - |
Proportion of wasteland area | - | 0.480 | 0.435 | - | 0.553 | -0.289 |
Infant mortality rate | - | - | - | - | - | 0.740 |
Table 6
Score and ranking of ecological security index (ESI), social equity index (SEI), economic efficiency index (EEI) and composite sustainable livelihood security index (CSLSI) for the 30 districts of Odisha."
District | ESI | Rank | SEI | Rank | EEI | Rank | CSLSI | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sambalpur | 0.612 | 7 | 0.619 | 9 | 0.640 | 1 | 0.624 | 1 |
Ganjam | 0.625 | 3 | 0.671 | 3 | 0.520 | 10 | 0.605 | 2 |
Sundargarh | 0.616 | 4 | 0.651 | 7 | 0.519 | 11 | 0.595 | 3 |
Jagatsinghpur | 0.615 | 5 | 0.613 | 10 | 0.556 | 6 | 0.595 | 3 |
Cuttack | 0.530 | 15 | 0.661 | 6 | 0.572 | 5 | 0.588 | 4 |
Bargarh | 0.581 | 9 | 0.546 | 15 | 0.599 | 2 | 0.575 | 5 |
Khordha | 0.354 | 27 | 0.772 | 1 | 0.573 | 4 | 0.567 | 6 |
Angul | 0.613 | 6 | 0.560 | 14 | 0.484 | 15 | 0.553 | 7 |
Keonjhar | 0.629 | 2 | 0.479 | 22 | 0.528 | 9 | 0.545 | 8 |
Puri | 0.470 | 21 | 0.601 | 11 | 0.545 | 7 | 0.539 | 9 |
Baleshwar | 0.493 | 18 | 0.664 | 4 | 0.456 | 18 | 0.537 | 10 |
Jharsuguda | 0.422 | 24 | 0.693 | 2 | 0.488 | 14 | 0.534 | 11 |
Sonepur | 0.455 | 22 | 0.544 | 16 | 0.582 | 3 | 0.527 | 12 |
Nayagarh | 0.601 | 8 | 0.565 | 13 | 0.394 | 24 | 0.520 | 13 |
Kendrapara | 0.419 | 25 | 0.663 | 5 | 0.461 | 17 | 0.514 | 14 |
Koraput | 0.511 | 16 | 0.488 | 20 | 0.508 | 13 | 0.502 | 15 |
Boudh | 0.552 | 11 | 0.514 | 18 | 0.426 | 21 | 0.497 | 16 |
Jajpur | 0.346 | 28 | 0.599 | 12 | 0.537 | 8 | 0.494 | 17 |
Mayurbhanj | 0.698 | 1 | 0.449 | 25 | 0.325 | 28 | 0.491 | 18 |
Bhadrak | 0.346 | 28 | 0.621 | 8 | 0.483 | 16 | 0.484 | 19 |
Deogarh | 0.561 | 10 | 0.458 | 24 | 0.430 | 19 | 0.483 | 20 |
Rayagada | 0.546 | 13 | 0.479 | 22 | 0.420 | 22 | 0.482 | 21 |
Nuapada | 0.495 | 17 | 0.523 | 17 | 0.429 | 20 | 0.482 | 21 |
Dhenkanal | 0.534 | 14 | 0.477 | 23 | 0.430 | 19 | 0.481 | 22 |
Kalahandi | 0.477 | 20 | 0.410 | 28 | 0.514 | 12 | 0.467 | 23 |
Gajapati | 0.448 | 23 | 0.504 | 19 | 0.362 | 25 | 0.438 | 24 |
Bolangir | 0.483 | 19 | 0.415 | 27 | 0.407 | 23 | 0.435 | 25 |
Nabarangpur | 0.401 | 26 | 0.486 | 21 | 0.330 | 27 | 0.406 | 26 |
Kandhamal | 0.548 | 12 | 0.289 | 29 | 0.335 | 26 | 0.391 | 27 |
Malkangiri | 0.319 | 29 | 0.443 | 26 | 0.269 | 29 | 0.344 | 28 |
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