Sustainable livelihood security in Odisha, India: A district level analysis

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2022.07.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Sustainable livelihood security (SLS) is an integrating framework that encompasses current concerns and policy requirements for ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development. It carries particular importance for developing economies. This study intends to verify the relative status of SLS of the 30 districts in Odisha, which is a backward state in eastern India. In this study, a total of 22 relevant indicators relating to the three components of SLS—ecological security, social equity, and economic efficiency have been taken, based on various kinds of government reports. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to ascertain the indicators and the importance of each of them to the corresponding component of SLS. The ecological security index (ESI), social equity index (SEI), economic efficiency index (EEI), and composite sustainable livelihood security index (CSLSI) of each district of Odisha were calculated through the min-max normalization technique. The results revealed that there are wide variations in SLS among the districts of Odisha. In this study, the districts are categorized into four levels based on scores of ESI, SEI, EEI, and CSLSI as very low (<0.400), low (0.400-0.549), medium (0.550-0.700), and high (>0.700). According to the classification result of CSLSI, 2 districts are found to be in the very low category, 20 districts are under the low sustainability category, 8 districts are in the medium category, and none of the districts are found to be in the high sustainability category. The district of Sambalpur ranks the highest with a CSLSI score of 0.624. The bottom five districts are Gajapati, Bolangir, Nabarangpur, Kandhamal, and Malkangiri, having the CSLSI scores of 0.438, 0.435, 0.406, 0.391, and 0.344, respectively. The result of this study suggests that region-specific, systematic, and proactive approaches are desirable for balanced development in Odisha. Further, policy intervention is required to implement more inclusive tribal welfare policies.

Key words: Sustainable livelihood security, Ecological security index, Social equity index, Economic efficiency index, Odisha, Principal component analysis

Braja SUNDAR PANI, Diptimayee MISHRA. Sustainable livelihood security in Odisha, India: A district level analysis[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2022, 3(2): 110-121.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1.

Table 1

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Table 6

Fig. 2.

References 84

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Indicator	Factor loading
Indicator	PC1	PC2
Cropping intensity	-0.782	0.185
Population density	0.732	-0.572
Deviation of annual rainfall	0.729	0.143
Proportion of wasteland area	0.111	0.900
Groundwater resource potential	-0.132	0.622
Proportion of forest area	0.529	-0.605

Indicator	Factor loading
Indicator	PC1	PC2	PC3
Female literacy rate	0.810	0.447	-
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education	-0.797	-	0.371
Dropout rate in primary education	0.734	0.120	0.329
Sex ratio	-0.689	-0.506	-0.152
Household with electricity	0.636	0.574	-
Household using clean fuel for cooking	-	0.943	-
Household with improved sanitation facility	0.316	0.877	-
Household with improved drinking water	0.111	-0.196	0.842
Infant mortality rate	-	0.147	0.627

Indicator	Factor loading
Indicator	PC1	PC2
NIA to NSA	0.766	-0.264
Proportion of operational land holdings	-0.748	-
Proportion of main workers	0.710	0.409
Squared poverty gap	0.564	0.191
Per capita income	-0.135	0.899
Population served per bank	0.576	0.608
Per capita foodgrain production	-0.532	-0.580

Indicator	Factor loading
Indicator	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6
Household with improved sanitation facility	0.852	-	0.112	0.184	-	0.156
Proportion of main workers	0.851	0.406	-	0.180	-	-
Household using clean fuel for cooking	0.838	-	-	-	0.150	0.297
Household with electricity	0.809	0.136	0.187	0.285	-0.291	-0.132
Per capita foodgrain production	-0.721	0.148	0.106	-0.165	-0.338	0.176
Population served per bank	0.715	-	0.366	0.150	0.113	-0.134
Female literacy rate	0.696	0.294	0.477	0.281	0.128	-0.219
Sex ratio	-0.650	-0.174	-0.504	-0.118	-	-
Proportion of forest area	-0.203	-0.908	-	-0.158	-	-
Household with improved drinking water	-0.168	0.835	-	-	-	0.258
Population density	-0.584	-0.622	-	-0.326	-0.223	0.146
Dropout rate in primary education	0.272	0.264	0.803	-	-0.158	-
Deviation of annual rainfall	-	-0.313	0.681	-0.233	-	0.340
Squared poverty gap	0.251	0.275	0.678	0.159	0.335	-
NIA to NSA	0.197	0.327	-	0.786	0.191	0.122
Cropping intensity	0.455	0.238	-	0.724	-	0.114
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education	-0.201	0.323	-0.520	-0.576	0.138	0.256
Proportion of operational land holdings	-0.396	-	-0.304	-0.501	-	0.404
Groundwater resource potential	-	-	-	0.217	0.885	-
Per capita income	0.427	-0.269	-	-0.421	0.613	-
Proportion of wasteland area	-	0.480	0.435	-	0.553	-0.289
Infant mortality rate	-	-	-	-	-	0.740

District	ESI	Rank	SEI	Rank	EEI	Rank	CSLSI	Rank
Sambalpur	0.612	7	0.619	9	0.640	1	0.624	1
Ganjam	0.625	3	0.671	3	0.520	10	0.605	2
Sundargarh	0.616	4	0.651	7	0.519	11	0.595	3
Jagatsinghpur	0.615	5	0.613	10	0.556	6	0.595	3
Cuttack	0.530	15	0.661	6	0.572	5	0.588	4
Bargarh	0.581	9	0.546	15	0.599	2	0.575	5
Khordha	0.354	27	0.772	1	0.573	4	0.567	6
Angul	0.613	6	0.560	14	0.484	15	0.553	7
Keonjhar	0.629	2	0.479	22	0.528	9	0.545	8
Puri	0.470	21	0.601	11	0.545	7	0.539	9
Baleshwar	0.493	18	0.664	4	0.456	18	0.537	10
Jharsuguda	0.422	24	0.693	2	0.488	14	0.534	11
Sonepur	0.455	22	0.544	16	0.582	3	0.527	12
Nayagarh	0.601	8	0.565	13	0.394	24	0.520	13
Kendrapara	0.419	25	0.663	5	0.461	17	0.514	14
Koraput	0.511	16	0.488	20	0.508	13	0.502	15
Boudh	0.552	11	0.514	18	0.426	21	0.497	16
Jajpur	0.346	28	0.599	12	0.537	8	0.494	17
Mayurbhanj	0.698	1	0.449	25	0.325	28	0.491	18
Bhadrak	0.346	28	0.621	8	0.483	16	0.484	19
Deogarh	0.561	10	0.458	24	0.430	19	0.483	20
Rayagada	0.546	13	0.479	22	0.420	22	0.482	21
Nuapada	0.495	17	0.523	17	0.429	20	0.482	21
Dhenkanal	0.534	14	0.477	23	0.430	19	0.481	22
Kalahandi	0.477	20	0.410	28	0.514	12	0.467	23
Gajapati	0.448	23	0.504	19	0.362	25	0.438	24
Bolangir	0.483	19	0.415	27	0.407	23	0.435	25
Nabarangpur	0.401	26	0.486	21	0.330	27	0.406	26
Kandhamal	0.548	12	0.289	29	0.335	26	0.391	27
Malkangiri	0.319	29	0.443	26	0.269	29	0.344	28