Assessing and mapping soil erosion risk zone in Ratlam District, central India

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2022.11.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Evaluation of physical and quantitative data of soil erosion is crucial to the sustainable development of the environment. The extreme form of land degradation through different forms of erosion is one of the major problems in the sub-tropical monsoon-dominated region. In India, tackling soil erosion is one of the major geo-environmental issues for its environment. Thus, identifying soil erosion risk zones and taking preventative actions are vital for crop production management. Soil erosion is induced by climate change, topographic conditions, soil texture, agricultural systems, and land management. In this research, the soil erosion risk zones of Ratlam District was determined by employing the Geographic Information System (GIS), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and machine learning algorithms (Random Forest and Reduced Error Pruning (REP) tree). RUSLE measured the rainfall eosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), length of slope and steepness (LS), land cover and management (C), and support practices (P) factors. Kappa statistic was used to configure model reliability and it was found that Random Forest and AHP have higher reliability than other models. About 14.73% (715.94 km²) of the study area has very low risk to soil erosion, with an average soil erosion rate of 0.00-7.00×10³ kg/(hm²·a), while about 7.46% (362.52 km²) of the study area has very high risk to soil erosion, with an average soil erosion rate of 30.00×10³-48.00×10³ kg/(hm²·a). Slope, elevation, stream density, Stream Power Index (SPI), rainfall, and land use and land cover (LULC) all affect soil erosion. The current study could help the government and non-government agencies to employ developmental projects and policies accordingly. However, the outcomes of the present research also could be used to prevent, monitor, and control soil erosion in the study area by employing restoration measures.

Key words: Soil erosion risk, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Machine learning algorithms, Kappa coefficient, Ratlam District, India

Sunil SAHA, Debabrata SARKAR, Prolay MONDAL. Assessing and mapping soil erosion risk zone in Ratlam District, central India[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2022, 3(4): 373-390.

Figures/Tables 13

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Data type	Resolution		Data source
LULC		30 m	Landsat 8 Bands (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/; date: 2013-03-18T15:58:14Z-2022-09-24T14:54:39; acquisition date: 15/09/2021)
NDVI		30 m
Geomorphology		30 m	Geological Survey of India (https://bhukosh.gsi.gov.in)
DEM (aspect, slope, elevation, flow accumulation, stream density, SPI, flow direction, TWI)	Resolution resample	30 m	Alaska Data Portal (https://asf.alaska.edu/; resolution: 12.5 m)
Rainfall (mm)		30 m	Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS) Data Portal (https://chrsdata.eng.uci.edu/)
Distance from river (km)		-	Google Earth pro software
Sand (%)		30 m	Soil Grid Data Portal (https://soilgrids.org/)
Silt (%)		30 m
Clay (%)		30 m
SOC (%)		30 m

Relative importance scale	Definition
1	Equally important
3	Weak importance
5	Strong importance
7	Demonstrated importance
9	Absolute importance
2, 4, 6, and 8	Intermediate values

Kappa coefficient	Strength of reliability
<0.00	Poor
0.00-0.20	Slight
0.21-0.40	Fair
0.41-0.60	Moderate
0.61-0.80	Substantial
0.81-1.00	Almost perfect

R factor			K factor			LS factor
Class (MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a))	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Class (×10^-3 kg·h·MJ/mm)	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Class	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)
432-500	442.02	9.09	0.10-0.15	283.88	5.84	<0.52	3154.89	64.90
500-550	643.91	13.25	0.15-0.25	2733.34	56.23	0.52-2.40	421.48	8.67
550-600	713.84	14.69	0.25-0.30	292.15	6.01	2.40-6.80	651.48	13.40
600-650	1713.84	35.26	0.30-0.40	195.90	4.03	6.80-40.00	448.15	9.22
650-750	1347.39	27.72	>0.40	1355.73	27.89	40.00-98.88	207.35	4.27
C factor			P factor
Class	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)	Class	Area (km²)	Percentage (%)
0.02-0.04	212.89	4.38	<0.50	783.59	16.12
0.04-0.050	731.60	15.05	0.50-0.80	1172.47	24.12
0.05-0.08	1394.03	28.68	0.80-0.90	390.82	8.04
0.08-0.50	1532.21	31.52	0.90-1.00	2514.11	51.72
0.50-1.00	990.27	20.37	-	-	-

LULC class	P factor
Upland	1.00
Vegetative land	1.00
Water body	1.00
Crop land	0.50
Built-up land	1.00