Regional Sustainability ›› 2023, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (1): 68-80.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2023.03.003
• Full Length Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Kwaku ADDAIa,*(), Berna SERENERb, Dervis KIRIKKALELIb
Received:
2022-10-05
Accepted:
2023-03-05
Online:
2023-03-30
Published:
2023-04-14
Contact:
Kwaku ADDAI
E-mail:addaik71@gmail.com
Kwaku ADDAI, Berna SERENER, Dervis KIRIKKALELI. Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2023, 4(1): 68-80.
Table 1
Description of variables used in this study."
Variable | Source | Data period | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ecological footprint (ECO) | Global Footprint Network ( | 1998-2017 | Saeed et al. ( |
GDP per capita (GDP) | World Bank ( | 1998-2017 | B?a?ejowski et al. ( |
Annual population growth (POP) | World Bank ( | 1998-2017 | Leeson ( |
Drinking water (DRWR) | Environmental Performance Index ( | 1998-2017 | Havelaar and Melse ( Yang et al. ( |
Table 2
Data description of the four variables in this study."
Parameter | LGDP | LDRWR | LPOP | LECO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 8.918 | 4.126 | 16.793 | 1.433 | |
Median | 9.159 | 3.924 | 16.819 | 5.882 | |
Maximum | 10.005 | 6.238 | 18.801 | 8.512 | |
Minimum | 7.262 | 3.555 | 15.219 | 5.770 | |
Standard deviation | 0.764 | 0.584 | 1.060 | 2.243 | |
Skewness coefficient | 0.568 | 1.817 | 0.243 | 2.233 | |
Kurtosis coefficient | 2.013 | 5.971 | 2.032 | 6.476 | |
Jarque-Bera test | 57.771 | 561.913 | 29.951 | 8.156 | |
P-value | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | |
Sum | 5457.592 | 2525.025 | 10,277.010 | 8.752 | |
Sum of square for deviation | 356.844 | 208.488 | 687.097 | 3.074 | |
Observation | 612 | 612 | 612 | 612 |
Table 4
Results of four kinds of panel contegration tests."
Variable | Pettitt’s test | Standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT) | Buishand’s test | von Neumann test |
---|---|---|---|---|
LECO | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
LGDP | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
LPOP | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
LDRWR | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
Table 6
Results of Kao, Pedroni, and Westerlund panel cointegration tests."
Parameter | Value | P-value |
---|---|---|
Pedroni panel cointegration test (within group) | ||
Panel v-statistic | 3.409 | 0.000* |
Panel rho-statistic | -3.305 | 0.000* |
Panel PP-statistic | -4.691 | 0.000* |
Panel ADF-statistic | -1.619 | 0.000* |
Pedroni panel cointegration test (between groups) | ||
Panel v-statistic | 3.404 | 0.000* |
Panel rho-statistic | -2.849 | 0.000* |
Panel PP-statistic | -3.581 | 0.000* |
Panel ADF-statistic | -0.512 | 0.000* |
Kao panel cointegration test | ||
Modified Dickey-Fuller t-statistic | -5.837 | 0.000* |
Dickey-Fuller t-statistic | -17.452 | 0.000* |
Augmented Dickey-Fuller t-statistic | -6.733 | 0.000* |
Unadjusted modified Dickey-Fuller t-statistic | -15.721 | 0.000* |
Westerlund panel cointegration test | ||
Variance ratio | 6.862 | 0.000* |
Table 7
Results of common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) test."
Variable | Coefficient (%) | Standard error | Z | P>|z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Short-run | ||||
LGDP | 4143.454 | 2888.049 | 1.43 | 0.151 |
LPOP | 3.456 | 4.017 | 0.86 | 0.390 |
LDRWR | 2837.818 | 67,051.680 | 0.04 | 0.966 |
Long-run | ||||
LECO avg | 0.887 | 0.426 | 2.08 | 0.037 |
LGDP avg | -2864.737 | 1576.634 | -1.82 | 0.069 |
LPOP avg | 1.028 | 0.738 | 1.39 | 0.164 |
LDRWR avg | 5865.343 | 105,467.100 | 0.06 | 0.956 |
Constant | -1.27e+08 | 8.35e+07 | -1.52 | 0.128 |
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