Charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicle in India: Present status and future challenges

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2022.11.008

Abstract

Abstract:

The challenge to deal with environmental contamination along with national goals such as energy security, reliability, and self-dependency due to depleting fossil fuel resources has motivated researchers to find an alternate solution in the transport sector. Due to this, electrification of the transport sector has become an achievable solution that has caught attention with increasing penetration in the market share. India is a participant in the Paris Agreement which aims to curtail the production of greenhouse gases and limit the escalating temperature. Public intervention and changes in policy and regulations are the key aspects of technological transition. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles, the consumers’ frame of mind concerns about adapting to e-mobility is anxiety over charging times and driving range. Thus, the development of charging stations plays a crucial role in promoting electric vehicles (EVs). This study investigates to identify different barriers that exist in the Indian context related to the adoption of e-mobility. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the recent developments in charging infrastructure planning in India. Also, the status of installed charging stations is examined. Developing appropriate charging stations are associated with several challenges, which are also highlighted to provide guidance to public and private entities that can be adopted in their respective business model. As India has the second largest population and is the seventh largest country in the world, the EV adoption rate of India is considerably low compared to other countries; for India, there is a long way to match the growth rate of EV adoption. Hence it becomes essential to develop a robust and suitable charging infrastructure to promote the sale and use of EVs in India.

Key words: Charging infrastructure planning, E-mobility, Electric vehicle, Government initiatives Market player, Vehicle to grid (V2G)

Sulabh SACHAN, Praveen Prakash SINGH. Charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicle in India: Present status and future challenges[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2022, 3(4): 335-345.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Initiatives for charging infrastructure planning in India based on Bilal et al. (2022)."

State	Initiative
Karnataka State	Bengaluru Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) plans to develop a charging infrastructure for EVs in Bangalore. BESCOM has announced plans to develop 11 fast-charging stations. Planning to utilize solar power to charge EVs.
Maharashtra State	Charging stations get electricity at a tariff that equals to residential electricity rates. Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Corporation (MSEDEL) proposed to charge about 0.07 USD per unit (equals to 6 INR per unit) from EV charging stations at both high temperature (HT) and low temperature (LT) voltage levels. Petrol pumps are allowed to set up charging stations freely, subject to regulations.
Telangana State	Encouraging companies to set up charging infrastructure and offer concessions. Telangana power utility companies have forwarded a proposal to levy about 0.08 USD/kWh (equals to 6.10 INR/kWh) from the upcoming charging stations.
Uttar Pradesh State	Setting up EV incubation centres at India Institute of Technology-Kanpur (IIT-Kanpur) and other leading engineering institutions to encourage business models on EV charging station deployment. Service units setting up charging stations with capital investment of less than 30,750 USD, will be provided capital interest subsidy at the rate of 5% per annum for 5 years in the form of reimbursement on loan for procurement of plant and machinery and setting up charging infrastructure (excluding land cost) subject to maximum ceiling of 2460 USD per annum per unit.
Uttarakhand State	Investors in charging infrastructure planning are given 100% electricity duty exemption.
Andhra Pradesh State	Andhra Pradesh plans to set up 50 charging stations in Amaravati, Vijayawada, Guntur, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati, and Tirumala.
Delhi State	Northwest Territories Power Company (NTPC) is planning to develop 20 EV charging stations within Delhi.

Table 4

Fig. 1.

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Table 6

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Table 8

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Fig. 4.

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Year	Number of EV sales (×10³)
Year	Two-wheeler EV	Three-wheeler EV	Four-wheeler EV
2019	54.8	-	1.2
2020	126.0	630.0	3.6

State	Number of EV sales (n)
West Bengal State	14,140
Uttarakhand State	4178
Uttar Pradesh State	26,209
Telangana State	9031
Tamil Nadu State	16,746
Rajasthan State	15,763
Punjab State	6538
Odisha State	3863
Maharashtra State	34,013
Andhra Pradesh State	9492
Bihar State	3171
Gujarat State	31,267
Kerala State	11,202
Assam State	1875
Madhya Pradesh State	6461
Delhi State	19,381
Goa State	514
Karnataka State	13,386
Chhattisgarh State	3717
Jharkhand State	4818
Sikkim State	719
Manipur State	615
Haryana State	7625
Arunachal Pradesh State	698
Tripura State	721
Meghalaya State	818
Mizoram State	510
Nagaland State	234
Himachal Pradesh State	572

Initiative	Year	Description	Reference
National Electric Mobility Plan	2013	Consuming over 7.00 million EVs in India.	Tovilovic and Rajakovic (2015)
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME I)	2015-2018	Offering incentives for buyers of EVs and hybrid EVs, mainly for private vehicles.	Kempton and Letendre (1997)
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME II)	2019	Offering incentives for electrification of public transport fleet of buses and taxis.	Petrou et al. (2015); Tovilovic and Rajakovic (2015)
Department of Heavy Electrical Pilot EV Project	2017	Providing fund for procurement of 390 electric buses across 11 Indian cities.	Petrou et al. (2015)
Multi-modal EV Pilot Project, Maharashtra State	2017	Investing 2.44 million USD for EVs and charging infrastructure.	Petrou et al. (2015); Muratori (2018)
Karnataka State Electric and Energy Storage Policy	2017	Funding 3781.30 million USD to create 55,000 job opportunities in the field of transportation electrification. Planning to offer encouragement to move auto rickshaws and cab aggregator into EVs.	Muratori (2018)
Delhi State EV Policy	2018	Providing tax and permit fee subsidies for e-autos. Promoting electric bus as a mean of public transport.	Muratori (2018)
Tax Reduction Policy of Union Budget 2019	2019	The highest tax relief subsidy of EV loan interest is up to 1845 USD.	Khemakhem et al. (2019)

Parameter	Classification of conductive charging
Parameter	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Specification	Utilizing a standard 120V AC electrical outlet, and a standard 3-prong plug.	Charging at a permanently fastened charging facility at a fixed spot, 240 V.	Utilizing a 480 V DC, also known as DC fast charger.
Charge time	8-30 h to completely charge an EV.	4-10 h to completely charge an EV subjects to the size of battery.	25-30 min to charge a battery electric vehicle to 80%.
Installation cost	None	1000-5000 USD	50,000-100,000 USD

Charging technology		Specification			Cost
Charging technology		Voltage (V)	Input current (A)	Output power (kW)	Charging equipment (×10³ INR)	Ancillary infrastructure (×10³ INR)
Conductive charging	AC level 2	230	6-32	1.4-7.6	8-64	None
	AC level 3	≤415	None	20.0-80.0	350-640	250-400
	DC plugin	150-750	None	50.0-150.0	1600-2200	250-400
	DC pantograph	150-750	None	150.0-650.0	3200-11,250	600-1250
Inductive charging		≥415	None	50.0-250.0	≥22,500	380-720
Battery swapping		None	None	None	≥32,000	250-400