Assessing the adequacy and sustainability performance of multi-family residential buildings in Anambra State, Nigeria

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2021.01.003

Abstract

Abstract:

The proliferation of multi-family residential building in Anambra State of Nigeria due to increasing demand without recourse to performance has brought concerns about the adequacy and sustainability of this housing type. This study therefore, assessed the adequacy and sustainability performance of multi-family residential buildings in urban areas of Anambra State. The study sampled the opinions of 384 households living in multi-family residential buildings through a questionnaire survey. We conducted data analysis based on 214 responses that were useful for analysis. The study found that internal and building component variables and supporting neighborhood variables were adequate, but the surrounding environment variables were inadequate based on Mean Score Index. However, based on Sustainability Performance Index, the occupants perceived social sustainability performance of the buildings as satisfactory, while environmental and economic sustainability performance were perceived as fairly satisfactory. The Pearson correlation coefficient result further established that adequacy of internal and building component variables was significantly and positively related to the residents’ perceived social sustainability performance. Adequacy of the surrounding environmental variables was also found to be positively and significantly related to the residents’ perceived environmental sustainability performance, whereas adequacy of supporting neighborhood facilities was found to be negatively and significantly related to the residents’ perceived economic sustainability performance. This suggested that investors and owners of multi-family residential buildings should direct more efforts towards improving the surrounding environment to supplements other facilities and increase the economic benefit of the renters or occupiers with increasing economic sustainability performance in terms of value for money.

Key words: Adequacy level, Economic sustainability, Environmental sustainability, Social sustainability Multi-family, residential building

Peter Uchenna Okoye, Chukwuemeka Ngwu. Assessing the adequacy and sustainability performance of multi-family residential buildings in Anambra State, Nigeria[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(1): 23-35.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

References 92

[1]	Addo, I.A., 2016. Assessing residential satisfaction among low income households in multi-habited dwellings in selected low income communities in Accra. Urban Stud. 53(4), 631-650. doi: 10.1177/0042098015571055
[2]	Adenikinju, A.F., 2019. Bridging housing deficit in Nigeria: lessons from other jurisdictions. Econ. Financ. Rev. 57(4), 17-36.
[3]	Adeniran, A.O., 2019. Application of Likert scale’s type and Cronbach’s alpha analysis in an airport perception study. Sch. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(4), 1-5.
[4]	Agboola, A.M., Ayanlade, A., 2016. Sea level rise and its potential impacts on coastal urban area: a case of Eti-Osa, Nigeria. An. Univ. din Oradea, Ser. Geogr. 26(2), 188-200.
[5]	Ahmad, H.B., Halim, H.B., 2017. Determining sample size for research activities. Selangor Bus. Rev. 2(1), 20-34.
[6]	Ahmad, T., Thaheem, M.J., 2017. Developing a residential building-related social sustainability assessment framework and its implications for BIM. Sustain. Cities Soc. 28, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.002
[7]	Ajayi, M., Nwosu, A., Ajani, Y., 2015. Students’ satisfaction with hostel facilities in federal university of technology, Akure, Nigeria. Eur. Sci. J. 11(34), 402-415.
[8]	Ajayi, S.I., 2019. Addressing housing deficit in Nigeria: issues, challenges and prospects. Econ. Financ. Rev. 57(4), 223-237.
[9]	Akinyode, B.F., Khan, T.H., Ahmad, A.S.B.H., 2018. Socio-economic factors on measuring the demand for residential neighbourhood in Nigeria. Asian Soc. Sci. 11(12), 235-247. doi: 10.5539/ass.v11n27p235
[10]	Almahmoud, E., Doloi, H.K., 2020. Identifying the key factors in construction projects that affect neighborhood social sustainability. Facil. 38(11/12), 765-782.
[11]	Bartlett, J.E., Kotrlik, J.W., Higgins, C.C., 2001. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Learn. Perform. J. 19(1), 43-50.
[12]	Bello, A., Egresi, I., 2017. Housing conditions in Kano, Nigeria: a qualitative assessment of adequacy. An. Univ. din Oradea, Ser. Geogr. 27(2), 205-229.
[13]	Bloch, R., Fox, S., Monroy, J., et al., 2015. Urbanization and urban expansion in Nigeria. Urbanization Research Nigeria (URN) Research Report. London: ICF International.
[14]	Carey, S., Tshangana, A., 2020. 2020 Yearbook: Housing Finance in Africa. Johannesburg: Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF). [2020-11-30]. http://housingfinanceafrica.org/.
[15]	Chunwate, B., Yahaya, S., Amankwe, C., et al., 2019. Assessment of urban sprawl using geospatial techniques in Awka Town, Anambra State, Nigeria. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 11, 359-370.
[16]	Cochran, W.G., 1977. Sampling Techniques (3^rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1-448.
[17]	Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. 2007. Quality housing for sustainable communities: best practice guidelines for delivering homes sustaining communities. Dublin, Ireland: Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. [2019-11-14]. https://www.environ.ie.
[18]	Dizdaroglu, D., 2017. The role of indicator-based sustainability assessment in policy and the decision-making process: a review and outlook. Sustain. 9(6), 1018. doi: 10.3390/su9061018
[19]	Docampo, M.G., 2014. Theories of urban dynamics. Int. J. Popul. Res. 11, 494871. doi: 10.1155/2014/494871.
[20]	Dukku, S.J., 2018. Housing shortage: Implications for sustainable urban development in Nigeria-a review. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 18(2), 19-24.
[21]	Ekolu, S.O., Quainoo, H., 2019. Reliability of assessment in engineering education using Cronbach’s alpha, KR and split-half methods. Glob. J. Eng. Educ. 21(1), 24-29.
[22]	Ekpo, A., 2019. Addressing housing deficit in Nigeria: issues, challenges and prospects. Econ. Financ. Rev. 57(4), 177-188.
[23]	Eni, C.M., 2014. Occupants’ opinion on adequacy of environmental factors of public housing in Awka and Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 4(16), 109-124.
[24]	Ezennia, I.S., Hoskara, S.O., 2019. Exploring the severity of factors influencing sustainable affordable housing choice: evidence from Abuja, Nigeria. Sustain. 11, 5792. doi: 10.3390/su11205792
[25]	Ezeomedo, I.C., Igbokwe, J.I., 2019. Mapping of urban features of Nnewi Metropolis using high resolution satellite image and support vector machine classifier. J. Environ. Earth Sci. 9(6), 116-130.
[26]	Farrell, K., 2018. An inquiry into the nature and causes of Nigeria’s rapid urban transition. Urban Forum. 29, 277-298.
[27]	Gan, X., Zuo, J., Wen, T., et al., 2019. Exploring the adequacy of massive constructed public housing in China. Sustain. 11(7), 1949.
[28]	Gardner, D., Lockwood, K., Pienaar, J., 2020. Nigeria’s housing construction and housing rental activities: cost benchmarking and impact on the economy. In: Housing and the Economy. Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for Affordable Housing in Africa (CAHF). [2020-11-30]. http://housingfinanceafrica.org/.
[29]	Giyasov, B., Giyasova, I., 2018. The impact of high-rise buildings on the living environment. E3S Web of Conferences, 33, 01045. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20183301045
[30]	Hardin III, W.G., 2014. Multifamily investment. In: Baker, H.K., Filbeck, G., Chinloy, P. (Eds.). Private Real Estate Markets and Investments, Financial Markets and Investments Series. New York: Oxford University Press.
[31]	Ibem, E.O., Amole, O.O., 2011. Assessment of the qualitative adequacy of newly constructed public housing in Ogun State, Nigeria. Prop. Manag. 29(3), 285-304.
[32]	Ibem, E.O., Aduwo, E.B., Uwakonye, O., 2012. Adequacy of incremental construction strategy for housing low-income urban residents in Ogun state, Nigeria. Built Environ. Proj. Asset Manag. 2(2), 182-194.
[33]	Ibem, E.O., Amole, D., 2013. Residential satisfaction in public core housing in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Soc. Indicat. Res. 113, 563-581.
[34]	Ibem, E.O., Opoko, A.P., Adeboyea, A.B., et al., 2013. Performance evaluation of residential buildings in public housing estates in Ogun State, Nigeria: users’ satisfaction perspective. Front. Archit. Res. 2, 178-190.
[35]	Ibem, E.O., Alagbe, O.A., 2015. Investigating dimensions of housing adequacy evaluation by residents in public housing: factor analysis approach. Facil. 33(7/8), 465-484.
[36]	Igbinoba, R., 2019. Housing finance in Nigeria. In: Tshangana, A., Carey, S. (Eds.). 2019 Yearbook: Housing Finance in Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF), 217-220. [2020-11-30]. http://housingfinanceafrica.org/.
[37]	Igbokwe, E.C., Emengini, E.J., Ojiako, J.C., 2019. Evaluation of development dynamics of Awka Capital Territory, Anambra State, using remote sensing. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Comput. 9(4), 21719-21728.
[38]	Iheme, J.O., Effiong, J.B., Ekung, S.B., 2015. The effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria: a case study of Port Harcourt low income housing programme. Int. Lett. Soc. Humanist. Sci. 61, 87-98.
[39]	Ishiyaku, B., 2016. Evaluation of Nigerian public housing performance using occupants’ experience and satisfaction. PhD Dessertation. Malaysia: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn.
[40]	Israel, G.D., 2013. Determining sample size. Agricultural Education and Communication Department, UF/IFAS Extension, University of Florida.[2019-10-26]. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
[41]	Janjua, S.Y., Sarker, P.K., Biswas, W.K., 2019. A review of residential buildings’ sustainability performance using a life cycle assessment approach. J. Sustain. Res. 1(1), e190006.
[42]	Jiboye, A.D., 2012. Post-occupancy evaluation of residential satisfaction in Lagos, Nigeria: Feedback for residential improvement. Front. Archit. Res. 1(3), 236-243. doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2012.08.001
[43]	Jiboye, A.D., 2014. Significance of house-type as a determinant of residential quality in Osogbo, Southwest Nigeria. Front. Archit. Res. 3(1), 20-27.
[44]	Kang, N.N., Kim, J.T., Lee, T.K., 2014. A study on the healthy housing quality of multi-family attached house according to dwelling unit age. Energy Procedia. 62, 595-602.
[45]	Leung, M., Yu, J., Yu, S., 2012. Investigating key components of the facilities management of residential care and attention homes. Facil. 30(13/14), 611-629.
[46]	Makinde, O.O., 2014. Housing delivery system, need and demand. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 16, 49-69.
[47]	McMillan, A.J., 2013. Multifamily units in dispersed city: Measuring infill and development by neighborhood type in the Kansas City Region. MSc Thesis. Cleveland Ohio: Cleveland State University.
[48]	Mehrotra, S.N., Carter, D.R., 2017. Determinants of growth in multiunit housing demand since the great recession: an age-period-cohort analysis. Urban Stud. Res. 3, 1-10.
[49]	Moore, E.A., 2019. Addressing housing deficit in Nigeria: issues, challenges and prospects. Econ. Financ. Rev. 57(4), 201-222.
[50]	Muhammad, M., Bichi, A.M., 2014. Constraints and challenges on housing provision in Kano City, Nigeria. Int. J. Adv. Res. Technol. 3(6), 4-23.
[51]	National Bureau of Statistics, 2018. Demographic Statistics Bulletin 2017. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/775.
[52]	National Bureau of Statistics, 2020. Nigeria living standards survey (2018/2019). A Survey Report by the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (in collaboration with the World Bank). Abuja, Nigeria. [2020-08-20]. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1093.
[53]	National Population Commission, 2009. 2006 population and housing census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: National and state population and housing tables. Priority Tables, I. Abuja, Nigeria. [2019-10-30]. www.population.gov.ng.
[54]	National Population Commission, 2010. 2006 population and housing census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Population distribution by age & sex (state & local government area) table. Priority Tables, IV. Abuja: National Population Commission. [2019-10-30]. www.population.gov.ng.
[55]	Nicholas, E.O., Patrick, D.D., 2015. A review of governmental intervention on sustainable housing provision for urban poor in Nigeria. Int. J. Soc. Sci. Stud. 3(6), 40-48.
[56]	Obi, N.I., Ubani, O., 2014. Dynamics of housing affordability in Nigeria. Civ. Environ. Res. 6(3), 79-84.
[57]	Odufuwa, B.O., Ogunseye, N.O., Oke, K.S., et al., 2018. Housing conditions in a slum area of Ajeromi Oke-Oja, Ogun State, Nigeria. Ethiop. J. Environ. Stud. Manag. 11(1), 18-30.
[58]	Ogunshakin, L., Osasona, O., 1991. Middle-class multi-apartment housing in Nigeria: development perspectives. Ekistics. 58(346/347), 65-74.
[59]	Okoye, P.U., Ezeokonkwo, J.U., Mbakwe, C.C., 2017. Survey of housing conditions and improvement strategies in Okpoko peri-urban settlement of Anambra State Nigeria. Archit. Res. 7(4), 168-183.
[60]	Okoye, P.U., Ogbuagu, O.G., Ohaedeghasi, C.I., et al., 2020. Bioclimatic practices in modern residential building design and construction in South-Eastern Nigeria. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. Innov. 3(3), 158-178.
[61]	Olotuah, A.O., 2015a. Assessment of qualitative adequacy of public housing schemes in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Civ. Environ. Res. 7(8), 58-62.
[62]	Olotuah, A.O., 2015b. Assessing the impact of users’ needs on housing quality in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Glob. J. Res. Rev. 2(4), 100-106.
[63]	Oni-Jimoh, T., Liyanage, C., Oyebanji, A., et al., 2018. Urbanization and meeting the need for affordable housing in Nigeria. In: Almusaed, A., Housing. Philippines: IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.78576.
[64]	Ornstein, S.W., Villa, S.B., Ono, R., 2011. Residential high-rise buildings in São Paulo: aspects related to the adequacy to the occupant’s needs. J. Hous. Built Environ. 26(1), 73-84.
[65]	Panayides, P., 2013. Coefficient alpha: Interpret with caution. Eur. J. Psychol. 9(4), 687-696.
[66]	Philip, A., Ileanwa, A.C., El-Hussain, A.M., 2018. Post-occupancy evaluation of students hostel facilities in Federal Universities in North Central, Nigeria. Archit. Res. 8(4), 123-128.
[67]	Poston, A., Emmanuel, R., Thomson, C., 2010. Developing holistic frameworks for the next generation of sustainability assessment methods for the built environment. In: Egbu, C., (Ed.). Procs 26th Annual ARCOM Conference, 6-8 September 2010, Leeds, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 1487-1496.
[68]	Roshanfekr, S., Tawil, N.M., Goh, N.A., 2016. Investigation of sustainable housing criteria. MATEC Web of Conferences, 66, 00096.
[69]	Saidu, A.A., Yeom, C., 2020. Success criteria evaluation for a sustainable and affordable housing model: A case for improving household welfare in Nigeria cities. Sustain. 12, 656. doi: 10.3390/su12020656
[70]	Sanusi, A.R., 2019. Addressing housing deficit in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and prospects. Econ. Financ. Rev. 57(4), 189-200.
[71]	Sawyerr, P.T., Yusof, N.A., 2013. Student satisfaction with hostel facilities in Nigerian polytechnics. J. Facil. Manag. 11(4), 306-322.
[72]	Schmid, C., Karaman, O., Hanakata, N.C., et al., 2018. Towards a new vocabulary of urbanization processes: a comparative approach. Urban Stud. 55(1), 19-52. doi: 10.1177/0042098017739750
[73]	Seshadhri, G., Paul, V.K., 2017. User requirement related performance attributes for government residential buildings. J. Facil. Manag. 15(4), 409-422.
[74]	Siddiqui, K., 2013. Heuristics for sample size determination in multivariate statistical techniques. World Appl. Sci. J. 27(2), 285-287.
[75]	Špalková, D., Špalek, J., 2014. Housing tenure choice and housing expenditures in the Czech Republic. Rev. Eur. Stud. 6(1), 23-33.
[76]	Taber, K.S., 2018. The use of Cronbach’s Alpha when developing and reporting research instrument in science education. Res. Sci. Educ. 48, 1273-1296.
[77]	Taherdoost, H., 2016. Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research. Int. J. Adv. Res. Manag. 5(2), 18-27.
[78]	Tavakol, M., Dennick, R., 2011. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int. J. Med. Educ. Editor. 2, 53-55.
[79]	Terminski, B., 2011. The right to adequate housing in international human rights law: Polish transformation experiences. Rev. Latinoam. Derechos Hum. 22, 219-241.
[80]	Turcu, C., Persson, A., 2015. Energy efficiency policy and action for multi-family residential building renovation in Central and Eastern Europe: The tale of four cities. In: The European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE) 2015 Summer Study proceeding, First fuel now, 1-6 June 2015. Toulon/Hyères, France.
[81]	UN-Habitat, 2012. Nigeria: Onitsha urban profile. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Nairobi, Kenya.
[82]	UN-Habitat, 2014. The right to adequate housing, Fact Sheet No. 21. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geneva, Switzerland.
[83]	United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019. World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights. New York, USA.
[84]	World Bank, 2016. Nigeria: Developing housing finance. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, UKAID. [2019-08-22]. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/102491481528326920/pdf/110897-WP-P131973-PUBLIC-HousingFinanceNigeriaweb.pdf.
[85]	World Bank, 2018. Nigeria affordable housing project. Project Information Document/Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (PID/ISDS).[2019-08-27]. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/278041531299329812/pdf/Concept-Project-Information-Document-Integrated-Safeguards-Data-Sheet-Nigeria-Affordable-Housing-Project-P165296.pdf.
[86]	Yetunderonke, O., 2015. A study of housing adequacy of multi-habited houses in a typical Nigerian town. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Soc. Sci. 1(1), 7-12.
[87]	Yoade, A., Adeyemi, O., Yoade, O., 2018. Assessment of housing quality in Ede, Nigeria. Asian Themes in Soc. Sci. Res. 1(2), 76-83.
[88]	Zarghami, E., Azemati, H., Fatourehchi, D., et al., 2018. Customizing well-known sustainability assessment tools for Iranian residential buildings using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Build. Environ. 128, 107-128.
[89]	Zarghami, E., Fatourehchi, D., 2020. Comparative analysis of rating systems in developing and developed countries: A systematic review and a future agenda towards a region-based sustainability assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 254, 120024.
[90]	Zarghami, E., Fatourehchi, D., Karamloo, M., 2017. Impact of daylighting design strategies on social sustainability through the built environment. Sustain. Dev. 25(6), 504-527.
[91]	Zarghami, E., Fatourehchi, D., Karamloo, M., 2019. Establishing a region-based rating system for multi-family residential buildings in Iran: A holistic approach to sustainability. Sustain. Cities Soc. 50, 101631.
[92]	Zietz, E.N., 2003. Multifamily housing: A review of theory and evidence. J. Real Estate Res. 25(2), 185-244.

Variable	Classification	Number of responses	Responses (%)
Sex	Male	175	82.71
Sex	Female	37	17.29
Age (a)	18-30	22	10.28
	31-40	41	19.16
	41-50	74	34.58
	51-60	57	26.64
	Above 60	20	9.34
Marital status	Single	36	16.82
	Married	162	75.70
	Widow/widower	12	5.61
	Separated	4	1.87
Size of household	1	2	0.93
	2	10	4.67
	3	6	2.80
	4	51	23.83
	5 and above	145	67.76
Highest level of education	No formal education	0	0.00
	Primary level	59	27.57
	Secondary level	64	29.91
	Tertiary level	91	42.52
Occupancy status	Owner-occupier	23	10.75
Occupancy status	Rented	191	89.25
Employment status	Employed	109	50.93
	Self employed	79	36.92
	Unemployed	21	9.81
	Retired	5	2.34
Residence period	Less than 2 a	22	10.28
	2-5 a	99	46.26
	5-10 a	61	28.50
	10 a and above	32	14.95
Number of floors	2	16	7.48
	3	52	24.30
	4	60	28.04
	5	72	33.64
	6 and above	14	6.54
Number of flats/apartments in building	3-4	13	6.07
	5-6	53	24.77
	7-8	67	31.31
	9-10	66	30.84
	Above 10	15	7.01
Number of flats/apartments per floor	1	3	1.40
	2	188	87.85
	3	22	10.28
	4 and above	1	0.47
Number of bedrooms per flat/apartment	1	5	2.34
	2	57	26.64
	3	150	70.09
	4 and above	2	0.93

Serial number	Housing adequacy variables	MSI	Rank	Adequacy level
Internal and building component (IBC) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.816)		3.82		A
1	Size and layout of bedrooms	4.23	1	A
2	Space and layout of kitchen and bathroom/toilet	3.41	11	FA
3	Size and layout of common entrance	3.90	5	A
4	Size, number, and layout of openings	4.03	3	A
5	Kitchen and bathroom/toilet facilities	3.81	7	A
6	Numbers of bedrooms per household size	3.76	9	A
7	Size and layout of living room and dinning	3.74	10	A
8	Size, number, and layout of staircase	3.98	4	A
9	Interior and exterior finishes and fabrics (floor, wall, ceiling)	3.79	8	A
10	Building services (electrical and sanitary/drainage systems)	3.33	12	FA
11	Roof type and condition	4.05	2	A
12	Security and privacy facilities	3.84	6	A
Surrounding environment (SE) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.727)		2.25		IA
1	Parking spaces within	1.70	9	IA
2	Water supply	1.85	7	IA
3	Access roads	1.82	8	IA
4	Refuse disposal facilities	1.92	4	IA
5	Power supply	3.57	1	A
6	Landscape, open spaces, and green areas	2.05	3	IA
7	Fire safety facilities	1.90	5	IA
8	Playing spaces for children	1.89	6	IA
9	Telecommunication network	3.52	2	A
Supporting neighborhood (SN) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.738)		3.76		A
1	Housekeeping and maintenance services	3.22	11	FA
2	Shopping facilities	3.93	7	A
3	Public transport service	3.99	4	A
4	Community management facilities	3.95	6	A
5	Distance to workplace	3.40	9	FA
6	Facilities for handicapped and social welfare	3.33	10	FA
7	Sport and recreational facilities	3.42	8	FA
8	Education facilities	4.05	2	A
9	Medical care facilities	3.98	5	A
10	Commercial and business facilities	4.01	3	A
11	Place of worship	4.11	1	A

Serial number	Sustainability performance criteria	SPI	Rank	Performance level
Environmental sustainability (ENV) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.710)		0.57		FS
1	Energy and water consumption	0.45	7	FA
2	Indoor thermal comfort	0.39	9	US
3	Utility serviceability	0.51	5	FA
4	Visual comfort	0.83	1	VS
5	Acoustic comfort	0.37	10	US
6	Healthy internal environment	0.77	3	S
7	Indoor air quality	0.71	4	S
8	Natural lighting and ventilation	0.81	2	VS
9	Outdoor environmental comfort (friendliness)	0.46	6	FS
10	Humidity comfort	0.44	8	FS
Economic sustainability (ECO) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.726)		0.43		FS
1	Affordability	0.34	8	US
2	Housing/rental rate	0.38	7	US
3	Maintenance and serviceability	0.51	1	FS
4	Economic value	0.50	2	FS
5	Insurance premium	0.42	6	FS
6	Security rate	0.43	4	FS
7	Ownership rate	0.43	4	FS
8	Utility rate	0.47	3	FS
Social sustainability (SOC) (Cronbach’s alpha=0.738)		0.68		S
1	Fire escape	0.51	9	FS
2	Visual privacy between apartments/buildings	0.80	1	VS
3	Security and crime prevention systems	0.70	6	S
4	Mutual support among residents	0.73	4	S
5	Durability and safety	0.75	3	S
6	Security of tenure	0.48	10	FS
7	Quality of life	0.66	7	S
8	Cultural value	0.64	8	S
9	Social image and reputation	0.78	2	S
10	Composition and attractiveness	0.71	5	S

Variable	Statistic	IBC	SE	SN	ENV	ECO	SOC
IBC	r	1.000	-0.125	-0.112	0.073	-0.032	0.224^**
	Sig. (two-tailed)	-	0.068	0.101	0.288	0.637	0.001
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214
SE	r	-0.125	1.000	0.341^**	0.152^*	-0.077	0.050
	Sig. (two-tailed)	0.068	-	0.000	0.026	0.262	0.468
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214
SN	r	-0.112	0.341^**	1.000	-0.098	-0.155^*	-0.019
	Sig. (two-tailed)	0.101	0.000	-	0.154	0.023	0.778
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214
ENV	r	0.073	0.152^*	-0.098	1.000	0.139^*	0.104
	Sig. (two-tailed)	0.288	0.026	0.154	-	0.042	0.128
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214
ECO	r	-0.032	-0.077	-0.155^*	0.139^*	1.000	-0.019
	Sig. (two-tailed)	0.637	0.262	0.023	0.042	-	0.778
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214
SOC	r	0.224^**	0.050	-0.019	0.104	-0.019	1.000
	Sig. (two-tailed)	0.001	0.468	0.778	0.128	0.778	-
	N	214	214	214	214	214	214