Green hydrogen production from wind energy in Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), the Russian Federation

doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100199

Abstract

Abstract:

There is a gradual increase in the proportion of renewable energy sources. Green hydrogen has the potential to become one of the major energy carriers in the future. The Russian Federation, in partnership with countries in the Asia-Pacific region and especially China, has the potential to play a significant role in green hydrogen market. This study assessed the potential of developing green hydrogen energy based on wind power in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) of the Russian Federation. Empirical wind speed data were collected from 20 meteorological stations in 4 regions (Sakhalinskaya Oblast’, Primorskiy Krai, Khabarovskiy Krai, and Amurskaya Oblast’) of the FEFD. The Weibull distribution was used to predict the potential of green hydrogen production. Five different methods (Empirical Method of Justus (EMJ), Empirical Method of Lysen (EML), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLE), Power Density Method (PDM), and Median and Quartiles Method (MQM)) were used to determine the parameters (scape factor and scale factor) of the Weibull distribution. We calculated the total electricity generation potential based on the technical specifications of the three wind turbines: Senvion 6150 onshore, H165-4.0 MW, and Vestas V150-4.2 MW. The results showed that Vladivostok, Pogibi, Ilyinskiy, Yuzhno-Kuril’sk, Severo-Kuril’sk, Kholmsk, and Okha stations had the higher potential of green hydrogen production, of which Vladivostok exhibited the highest potential of green hydrogen production using the wind turbine of H165-4.0 MW, up to 2.56×10⁵ kg/a. In terms of economic analysis, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) values of lower than 4.00 USD/kg were obtained at Yuzhno-Kuril’sk, Ilyinskiy, Pogibi, and Vladivostok stations using the wind turbine of H165-4.0 MW, with the values of 3.54, 3.50, 3.24, and 2.55 USD/kg, respectively. This study concluded that the FEFD possesses significant potential in the production of green hydrogen and, with appropriate investment, has the potential to become a significant hub for green hydrogen trading in the Asia-Pacific region.

Key words: Green hydrogen, Wind energy, Electricity generation, Weibull distribution, Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), Russian Federation

Mihail DEMIDIONOV. Green hydrogen production from wind energy in Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), the Russian Federation[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2025, 6(1): 100199.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Average monthly wind speed of 20 meteorological stations."

Meteorological station	Average monthly wind speed (m/s)
Meteorological station	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy	5.308	5.369	5.318	5.299	4.721	3.897	3.794	4.033	5.128	6.099	6.709	6.419
Anuchino	1.853	2.104	2.369	2.708	2.403	1.823	1.693	1.545	1.779	2.236	1.996	1.905
Belogorsk	1.817	2.095	2.766	3.602	3.140	2.254	2.133	1.908	2.183	2.582	2.387	1.979
Dal’nerechensk	2.844	3.190	3.489	3.997	3.496	2.711	2.499	2.243	2.452	3.401	3.274	2.987
Ilyinskiy	6.150	6.104	6.295	6.709	6.004	5.470	5.115	5.343	5.693	6.821	7.429	7.492
Kholmsk	5.152	5.376	5.426	5.631	4.774	3.550	3.498	3.854	4.724	5.858	6.366	6.293
Nogliki	4.331	4.451	4.323	4.933	4.482	4.035	3.699	3.710	3.910	4.362	4.521	4.731
Okha	6.097	5.622	4.997	5.610	5.152	4.676	4.707	4.409	4.492	5.320	6.248	7.202
Pogibi	6.061	5.786	5.292	5.931	6.206	6.869	7.429	6.255	6.486	7.180	6.826	6.949
Poronaysk	4.334	4.333	4.383	4.572	4.505	3.912	3.744	4.090	4.319	4.653	4.454	4.508
Posiet	6.161	5.445	4.619	4.510	4.099	3.585	3.232	3.741	3.635	4.345	5.422	6.296
Preobrazheniye	3.628	3.190	2.981	3.082	2.941	2.710	2.513	3.101	3.489	3.298	3.320	3.388
Rudnaya Pristan’	5.139	4.428	3.396	3.264	2.830	2.248	2.040	2.316	2.721	3.474	3.797	4.698
Severo-Kuril’sk	6.602	7.027	6.760	6.200	4.360	3.362	2.921	3.315	4.429	5.474	5.577	5.884
Sosunovo	6.634	6.259	5.654	5.753	5.655	5.314	4.537	5.008	5.436	5.688	5.849	6.667
Sovetskaya Gavan’	3.937	3.536	3.524	3.804	3.192	2.380	2.002	2.309	3.139	4.578	4.870	5.029
Terney	7.696	6.410	4.497	3.947	2.961	1.695	1.439	1.851	2.504	4.547	6.057	7.738
Vladivostok	8.414	7.977	7.824	8.293	8.154	7.651	7.011	7.362	7.147	7.910	8.144	8.105
Yuzhno-Kuril’sk	7.098	6.903	6.356	5.977	4.822	4.641	3.646	4.167	4.551	6.371	7.031	7.271
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	3.152	3.176	3.419	3.841	4.100	4.003	3.340	3.038	2.741	3.074	2.829	2.811

Table 3

Fig. 1.

Table 4

Fig. 2.

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

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Region	Meteorological station	Number	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)	Elevation (m)
Sakhalinskaya Oblast’	Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy	32061	50°54′	142°10′	31
	Ilyinskiy	32121	47°59′	142°12′	18
	Kholmsk	32133	47°03′	142°03′	44
	Nogliki	32053	51°49′	143°09′	34
	Okha	32010	53°35′	142°57′	8
	Pogibi	32027	52°13′	141°38′	6
	Poronaysk	32098	49°13′	143°06′	4
	Severo-Kuril’sk	32215	50°41′	156°08′	23
	Yuzhno-Kuril’sk	32165	44°01′	145°51′	49
	Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	32150	46°57′	142°43′	24
Primorskiy Krai	Anuchino	31981	43°58′	133°04′	188
	Dal’nerechensk	31873	45°56′	133°44′	101
	Posiet	31969	42°39′	130°48′	36
	Preobrazheniye	31989	42°54′	133°54′	43
	Rudnaya Pristan’	31959	44°22′	135°51′	34
	Sosunovo	31866	46°32′	138°20′	4
	Terney	31909	45°03′	136°36′	68
	Vladivostok	31960	43°07′	131°56′	183
Khabarovskiy Kai	Sovetskaya Gavan’	31770	48°58′	140°18′	22
Amurskaya Oblast’	Belogorsk	31513	50°55′	128°28′	178

Meteorological station	Average wind speed (m/s)	Standard deviation (m/s)	Maximum wind speed (m/s)	Median wind speed (m/s)
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy	5.172	2.489	21.371	4.517
Anuchino	2.037	0.752	5.734	1.911
Belogorsk	2.415	1.186	10.946	2.259
Dal’nerechensk	3.049	1.377	10.251	2.954
Ilyinskiy	6.220	3.145	25.888	5.560
Kholmsk	5.045	2.831	19.112	4.517
Nogliki	4.289	1.749	15.984	3.996
Okha	5.360	2.557	21.371	4.865
Pogibi	6.468	3.690	25.019	5.560
Poronaysk	4.318	1.808	15.463	3.996
Posiet	4.588	2.446	19.459	3.822
Preobrazheniye	3.137	1.266	14.247	2.954
Rudnaya Pristan’	3.358	1.773	15.637	2.954
Severo-Kuril’sk	5.145	3.133	21.197	4.517
Sosunovo	5.700	2.226	22.587	5.386
Sovetskaya Gavan’	3.525	2.572	22.934	2.780
Terney	4.273	3.057	21.197	3.300
Vladivostok	7.843	3.120	23.455	7.297
Yuzhno-Kuril’sk	5.842	3.093	24.845	5.212
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	3.293	1.611	12.857	2.954

Meteorological station	EMJ		EML		MLE		PDM		MQM
Meteorological station	Shape factor	Scale factor	Shape factor	Scale factor	Shape factor	Scale factor	Shape factor	Scale factor	Shape factor	Scale factor
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy	2.210	5.840	2.210	5.842	2.192	5.857	2.045	5.582	2.676	5.180
Anuchino	2.951	2.283	2.951	2.282	2.862	2.283	2.776	2.299	3.560	2.118
Belogorsk	2.166	2.727	2.166	2.728	2.149	2.731	2.088	2.715	2.269	2.655
Dal’nerechensk	2.371	3.440	2.371	3.441	2.351	3.446	2.291	3.391	2.595	3.402
Ilyinskiy	2.097	7.022	2.097	7.026	2.109	7.050	2.023	6.646	2.132	6.602
Kholmsk	1.873	5.682	1.873	5.686	1.901	5.713	1.822	5.453	1.765	5.560
Nogliki	2.650	4.826	2.650	4.827	2.516	4.829	2.423	4.681	3.298	4.466
Okha	2.234	6.052	2.234	6.054	2.220	6.068	2.127	5.774	2.355	5.684
Pogibi	1.840	7.280	1.840	7.285	1.884	7.331	1.748	6.898	2.016	6.668
Poronaysk	2.573	4.863	2.573	4.863	2.477	4.870	2.376	4.710	3.114	4.496
Posiet	1.980	5.176	1.980	5.179	2.012	5.207	1.840	4.985	2.487	4.430
Preobrazheniye	2.679	3.528	2.679	3.529	2.572	3.529	2.505	3.485	2.990	3.339
Rudnaya Pristan’	2.001	3.789	2.001	3.791	2.021	3.807	1.826	3.715	2.757	3.374
Severo-Kuril’sk	1.714	5.770	1.714	5.774	1.749	5.810	1.650	5.557	1.765	5.560
Sosunovo	2.776	6.404	2.776	6.404	2.612	6.403	2.538	6.122	3.240	6.031
Sovetskaya Gavan’	1.409	3.872	1.409	3.875	1.538	3.954	1.301	3.892	1.916	3.366
Terney	1.438	4.707	1.438	4.711	1.491	4.761	1.416	4.667	1.394	4.294
Vladivostok	2.721	8.817	2.721	8.818	2.657	8.834	2.576	8.290	2.904	8.279
Yuzhno-Kuril’sk	1.995	6.591	1.995	6.595	2.014	6.621	1.879	6.263	2.269	6.126
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	2.170	3.718	2.170	3.720	2.163	3.730	2.029	3.647	2.418	3.437

Meteorological station	EMJ		EML		MLE		PDM		MQM
Meteorological station	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy	0.8479^*	0.0280^*	0.8477	0.0280	0.8454	0.0283	0.8476	0.0281	0.7597	0.0351
Anuchino	0.9857	0.0223	0.9857	0.0223	0.9876^*	0.0216^*	0.9858	0.0249	0.0821	0.2455
Belogorsk	0.9773^*	0.0202^*	0.9772	0.0202^*	0.9762	0.0208	0.9729	0.0225	0.5375	0.0919
Dal’nerechensk	0.9691	0.0203	0.9690	0.0204	0.9683	0.0208	0.9724^*	0.0198^*	0.6589	0.0680
Ilyinskiy	0.9408	0.0121	0.9406	0.0121	0.9391	0.0123	0.9487^*	0.0112^*	0.8401	0.0200
Kholmsk	0.9090	0.0176	0.9088	0.0177	0.9057	0.0179	0.9160^*	0.0168^*	0.7595	0.0286
Nogliki	0.8929	0.0313^*	0.8929	0.0313^*	0.8886	0.0326	0.8972^*	0.0316	0.7365	0.0499
Okha	0.9476	0.0143	0.9475	0.0143	0.9466	0.0145	0.9528^*	0.0136^*	0.8178	0.0263
Pogibi	0.8682	0.0180	0.8680	0.0180	0.8656	0.0181	0.8689^*	0.0177^*	0.7981	0.0220
Poronaysk	0.8614	0.0345	0.8613	0.0345	0.8603	0.0351	0.8742^*	0.0336^*	0.7416	0.0479
Posiet	0.7893^*	0.0358^*	0.7890	0.0358	0.7879	0.0358	0.7828	0.0363	0.6852	0.0443
Preobrazheniye	0.9724	0.0184^*	0.9724	0.0184^*	0.9719	0.0193	0.9743^*	0.0188	0.6065	0.0733
Rudnaya Pristan’	0.8431^*	0.0412	0.8428	0.0412	0.8430	0.0411^*	0.8176	0.0444	0.6531	0.0627
Severo-Kuril’sk	0.9414^*	0.0126^*	0.9413	0.0127	0.9407	0.0126^*	0.9383	0.0128	0.8181	0.0220
Sosunovo	0.9288^*	0.0189^*	0.9288^*	0.0189^*	0.9183	0.0208	0.9243	0.0198	0.8277	0.0286
Sovetskaya Gavan’	0.7853	0.0366	0.7853	0.0366	0.8319^*	0.0328^*	0.7280	0.0409	0.6796	0.0460
Terney	0.8469	0.0243	0.8468	0.0243	0.8474^*	0.0242^*	0.8451	0.0244	0.7229	0.0331
Vladivostok	0.9390	0.0122	0.9389	0.0122	0.9394	0.0123	0.9549^*	0.0105^*	0.8624	0.0176
Yuzhno-Kuril’sk	0.9187^*	0.0159^*	0.9185	0.0159^*	0.9180	0.0159^*	0.9137	0.0161	0.8457	0.0212
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	0.8970^*	0.0353^*	0.8968	0.0354	0.8950	0.0358	0.8923	0.0367	0.6049	0.0691

Wind turbine	Lifetime (a)	Rated power (×10⁶ W)
Senvion 6150 onshore	20	6.15	3.500	12.000	25.000
H165-4.0 MW	20	4.00	3.000	9.100	20.000
Vestas V150-4.2 MW	20	4.20	3.000	11.000	24.500