Regional Sustainability ›› 2021, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (4): 375-386.doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2022.01.005cstr: 32279.14.j.regsus.2022.01.005
• Full Length Article • Previous Articles
Philip ANTWI-AGYEIa,*(), Emmanuel Mawuli ABALOa, Andrew John DOUGILLb, Frank BAFFOUR-ATAa
Received:
2021-08-09
Revised:
2021-12-23
Accepted:
2022-01-27
Published:
2021-10-30
Online:
2022-03-18
Contact:
Philip ANTWI-AGYEI
E-mail:pantwi-agyei.sci@knust.edu.gh;philiantwi@yahoo.com
Philip ANTWI-AGYEI, Emmanuel Mawuli ABALO, Andrew John DOUGILL, Frank BAFFOUR-ATA. Motivations, enablers and barriers to the adoption of climate- smart agricultural practices by smallholder farmers: Evidence from the transitional and savannah agroecological zones of Ghana[J]. Regional Sustainability, 2021, 2(4): 375-386.
Table 1
Characteristics of the studied districts (GSS, 2014a, b, c)"
Item | Kintampo South District | Savelugu Municipality | Lambussie-Karni District |
---|---|---|---|
Agro-ecological zone | Wet semi-equatorial climate | Savannah ecological zone | Tropical continental climatic zone |
Average temperature (°C) | 24-30 | 16-42 | 28-31 |
Annual rainfall (mm) | 1400-1800 | 600-1000 | 900-1100 |
Relative humidity (%) | 65 | 50 | 47 |
Major cropping season | March-June | May-October | May-September |
Minor cropping season | August-November | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Main crops | Yam, cassava, cocoyam, rice, plantain, ground nut, cowpea, and other tree crops such as cashew and mango | Maize, rice, cowpea, groundnut, sorghum, soyabean, millet, and cassava | Maize, rice, sorghum, millet, yam groundnut, and cowpea |
Main livelihood activity | Agriculture (crop farming) | Agriculture (crop farming) | Agriculture (crop farming) |
Table 2
Characteristics of the studied communities."
Item | Kintampo South District (N=395; 37.2%) | Savelugu Municipality (N=351; 33.1%) | Lambussie-Karni District (N=315; 29.7%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apesika | Suamire | Ayorya | Diare | Kukobila | Nkapandzoo | Karni | Kpare | Samoa | |
Total householdsa | 775 | - | 279 | 1129 | - | - | 477 | 144 | 325 |
Sampled households | 166 (42.0%) | 111 (28.1%) | 118 (29.9%) | 211 (60.1%) | 75 (21.4%) | 65 (18.5%) | 89 (28.2%) | 109 (34.6%) | 117 (37.1%) |
Types of farmers | PS | PS | PS | PS | PS | PS | PS | PS | PS |
Table 3
Climate-smart agricultural practices adopted by smallholder farmers in the study area."
Climate-smart agricultural practice | Number of smallholder farmers adopting these practices (n=1061) | RII | Rank | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never used (W=1) | Rarely used (W=2) | Often used (W=3) | Used every year (W=4) | |||
Timely harvesting of produce and storage | 42 | 145 | 564 | 309 | 0.77 | 1 |
Emergency seed banking | 77 | 190 | 398 | 395 | 0.76 | 2 |
Crop rotation | 97 | 141 | 468 | 354 | 0.75 | 3 |
Appropriate and timely weed and pest control | 48 | 229 | 473 | 310 | 0.75 | 3 |
Early planting | 81 | 209 | 537 | 233 | 0.72 | 4 |
Appropriate fertilizer use | 91 | 228 | 476 | 265 | 0.72 | 4 |
Appropriate planting methods and spacing | 73 | 238 | 560 | 189 | 0.71 | 5 |
Planting early maturing varieties of crops | 186 | 200 | 496 | 178 | 0.66 | 6 |
Mixed cropping | 208 | 195 | 454 | 203 | 0.66 | 6 |
Planting legumes among crops | 240 | 230 | 390 | 200 | 0.63 | 7 |
Use of indigenous or traditional agro-ecological knowledge | 231 | 245 | 451 | 133 | 0.62 | 8 |
Cover cropping | 268 | 241 | 388 | 163 | 0.61 | 9 |
Appropriate land preparation, with no slash and burn | 198 | 367 | 355 | 140 | 0.61 | 9 |
Bush fallowing | 293 | 239 | 359 | 169 | 0.60 | 10 |
No burning of residues or biomass on farms | 248 | 372 | 308 | 132 | 0.58 | 11 |
Crop diversification | 236 | 377 | 351 | 96 | 0.58 | 11 |
Crop residue mulching | 357 | 243 | 279 | 181 | 0.57 | 12 |
Zero tillage/minimum tillage | 345 | 241 | 325 | 149 | 0.57 | 12 |
Using drought tolerant crop varieties | 298 | 309 | 351 | 102 | 0.57 | 12 |
Conservation agriculture | 244 | 388 | 372 | 56 | 0.56 | 13 |
Use of pest resistant plant varieties | 320 | 323 | 287 | 130 | 0.56 | 13 |
Use of climate information services | 241 | 395 | 390 | 34 | 0.56 | 13 |
Water management and water harvesting | 385 | 207 | 379 | 89 | 0.55 | 14 |
Mixed farming | 505 | 212 | 285 | 58 | 0.48 | 15 |
Agroforestry and woodlot schemes | 681 | 234 | 128 | 17 | 0.38 | 16 |
Composting | 691 | 258 | 88 | 23 | 0.37 | 17 |
Earth bunding | 785 | 201 | 64 | 10 | 0.34 | 18 |
Crop insurance schemes | 810 | 206 | 33 | 11 | 0.33 | 19 |
Sprinkler and drip irrigation | 870 | 120 | 49 | 21 | 0.32 | 20 |
Tillage by bullock | 906 | 92 | 35 | 27 | 0.31 | 21 |
Stone bunding | 943 | 97 | 18 | 2 | 0.29 | 22 |
Table 4
Motivations for the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices."
Motivation | N | Mean | SD | Var. | P-value | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||||
Household food security improvement | 1020 (96.2%) | 40 (3.8%) | 0.960 | 0.191 | 0.036 | 0.091 | 2.86 |
Reducing pests and diseases | 1013 (95.6%) | 47 (4.4%) | 0.960 | 0.206 | 0.042 | 0.790 | 0.07 |
Increasing yields and farm income | 988 (93.2%) | 72 (6.8%) | 0.930 | 0.252 | 0.063 | 0.952 | 0.00 |
Controlling erosion and protecting soil | 948 (89.4%) | 112 (10.6%) | 0.890 | 0.308 | 0.095 | 0.690 | 0.16 |
Avoiding the effect of droughts on farming | 918 (86.6%) | 142 (13.4%) | 0.870 | 0.341 | 0.116 | 0.673 | 0.18 |
Maintaining soil moisture | 916 (86.4%) | 144 (13.6%) | 0.860 | 0.343 | 0.118 | 0.779 | 0.08 |
Avoiding the effect of high temperature on farming | 901 (85.0%) | 159 (15.0%) | 0.850 | 0.357 | 0.128 | 0.387 | 0.75 |
Table 5
Enablers to climate-smart agricultural practices."
Enabler | Number of respondents reporting enablers | WAI | Rank | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very low level | Low level | Moderate level | High level | Very high level | |||
Secured land tenure system arrangement | 178 | 271 | 262 | 223 | 126 | 2.86 | 1 |
Understanding the effects of climate change | 153 | 264 | 406 | 171 | 66 | 2.75 | 2 |
Access to sustainable agricultural technologies | 150 | 297 | 392 | 165 | 56 | 2.70 | 3 |
Access to financial resources to implement climate-smart agriculture practices | 338 | 259 | 113 | 132 | 185 | 2.68 | 4 |
Access to weather and climate information | 236 | 255 | 320 | 193 | 56 | 2.60 | 5 |
Support from social group organizations | 428 | 323 | 150 | 116 | 43 | 2.08 | 6 |
Support from local government authorities | 475 | 277 | 129 | 106 | 73 | 2.08 | 6 |
Support from traditional leaders | 471 | 288 | 123 | 113 | 65 | 2.07 | 8 |
Access to farmer-based insurance | 635 | 174 | 101 | 101 | 49 | 1.83 | 9 |
Table 6
Barriers affecting climate-smart agricultural practices reported by the respondents."
Barrier | Number of respondents reporting barriers | PCI | Rank | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No problem | Low level | Moderate level | High level | |||
Incidences of pests and diseases | 15 | 111 | 383 | 551 | 2530 | 1 |
Inadequate access to agricultural credit | 48 | 159 | 216 | 637 | 2502 | 2 |
High cost of improved crop varieties | 24 | 229 | 316 | 491 | 2334 | 3 |
Limited government support with farm inputs | 46 | 211 | 324 | 479 | 2296 | 4 |
Destruction of crops by animals (e.g., cattle) | 147 | 135 | 194 | 584 | 2275 | 5 |
Bushfires destroying crop residues and biomass | 92 | 196 | 276 | 496 | 2236 | 6 |
High illiteracy level of smallholder farmers | 34 | 275 | 348 | 403 | 2180 | 7 |
Limited access to agricultural technologies | 19 | 294 | 436 | 311 | 2099 | 8 |
Lack of knowledge and education on climate-smart agricultural practices | 23 | 339 | 429 | 269 | 2004 | 9 |
Lack of access to productive farm inputs including fertilizers | 70 | 329 | 400 | 261 | 1912 | 10 |
Limited access to weather and climate information | 77 | 362 | 372 | 249 | 1853 | 11 |
Limited user-friendliness of climate-smart agricultural practices | 46 | 419 | 408 | 187 | 1796 | 12 |
Limited access to ready markets and market information | 239 | 259 | 255 | 307 | 1690 | 13 |
Unavailability of improved crop varieties | 101 | 432 | 345 | 182 | 1668 | 14 |
Shortages of timely labor for climate-smart agricultural practices | 197 | 304 | 337 | 222 | 1644 | 15 |
Inadequate agricultural land for climate-smart agricultural practices | 249 | 310 | 269 | 232 | 1544 | 16 |
Insufficient organic materials for composting | 215 | 461 | 192 | 192 | 1421 | 17 |
Insecure land tenure system to accommodate long duration of observing the effects of climate-smart agricultural practices | 214 | 434 | 249 | 163 | 1421 | 17 |
Challenge with bulky nature of manure | 267 | 405 | 158 | 230 | 1411 | 19 |
Lack of enforcement by traditional authorities | 281 | 376 | 258 | 145 | 1327 | 20 |
Taboos and values of community | 506 | 354 | 144 | 56 | 810 | 21 |
Destruction of farms during tribal conflicts | 692 | 207 | 87 | 74 | 603 | 22 |
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